<p>The Old Administration Building at Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah, USA, also known as the Bryce Canyon Nature Museum, was the first National Park Service building built within the park. Located near Sunrise Point in a heavily used portion of the park, the building was designed by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs in the National Park Service Rustic style preferred at the time for park structures. It is in the immediate vicinity of the Bryce Inn.</p><br>
<p>The Administration Building was built in 1933 in logs on a stone foundation. The T-shaped 1-1/2 story building was built in two phases. The first phase was the large public room in the eastern portion of the building. The addition contained Park Service office space.</p><br>
<p>The Utah Parks Company Service Station in Bryce Canyon National Park was built in 1947 to serve automobile-borne visitors to the park. The service station was designed for the Utah Parks Company by architect Ambrose Spence in a style that was sympathetic to the prevailing National Park Service Rustic style, but was much simpler and more modern in character. In this manner, it foreshadowed the consciously simplified designs developed during the Mission 66 project.</p><br>
<p>The service station is located between the Bryce Canyon Lodge and Sunrise Point. The dominant feature is a coursed sandstone wall that curves around the structure. The front of the service station is similar to many modern stations, with a series of flat roofs in different planes projecting from the stone wall. A prominent canopy shelters the pumps. The interior comprises a sales room, storage room, service bay and two toilets.</p><br>
<p>The station was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Mountain States Telephone Building  is a historic building located at 931 14th Street in Denver, Colorado, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 26, 2005.</p><br>
<p>It served as the headquarters of the Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Company, later known as Mountain Bell. Constructed in a variant of the Gothic Revival style named "Modern American Perpendicular Gothic," the building was designed by local architect William N. Bowman. The new building, completed in 1929, was built to provide dial telephone service for the first time in Denver.</p><br>
<p>It is a 15-story building with buff-colored terra cotta, on a pink granite base. According to its NRHP nomination, the "Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Company, the buildings original owner, called its architectural style Modern American Perpendicular Gothic, referring to its setbacks, massing, vertically, and Gothic Revival style ornamentation." The Gothic Revival architecture of the Mountain States Telephone Building is featured on many of Denvers Architectural tours.</p><br>
<p>The entrance of the building features 13 murals from the history of telecommunications by Allen Tupper True, which were painted in 1929. The murals are located at several of the entrance lobbies and in one location inside the building.</p><br>
<p>Hermann Historic District is a national historic district located at Hermann, Gasconade County, Missouri. The district encompasses 360 contributing buildings, 4 contributing structures, and 3 contributing objects in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Hermann. The district developed between about 1838 and 1910, and includes representative examples of Greek Revival and Classical Revival style architecture. Notable buildings include the Eitzen</p><br>
<p>House (1855), Potnmer-Gentner House (1848), Hermann City Hall (1906), Strehly House (1845), Concert Hall (1877), The German School (1871), and Gasconade County Courthouse (1896).</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, with a boundary increase in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Zion Inn was designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood for the Utah Parks Company in Zion National Park as a cafeteria, gift shop and office for the tourist cabins surrounding it. The inn was built in 1934 in the National Park Service Rustic style and was used by the Utah Parks Company until 1972, when the National Park Service remodeled it for use as a nature center. The structure features rubblestone pilasters at each corner with a "framing out" style infill. The roof is framed in log.</p><br>
<p>The Zion Inn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. It was recently restored to the original Underwood exterior design.</p><br>
<p>The Zion – Mount Carmel Highway is a 25 mi long road in Washington and Kane counties in southern Utah, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The highway consists of the eastern half of Utah State Route 9. It begins northeast of Springdale and runs east into Zion National Park, where it passes through the 1.1 mi long Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel. After exiting the park, the highway continues east to USA Route 89 at Mount Carmel Junction. The road became part of a loop tour of Zion, Bryce Canyon National Park, Cedar Breaks National Monument, and the North Rim of Grand Canyon National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>The route was surveyed in 1923 by B.J. Finch, district engineer of the US Bureau of Public Roads, Howard C. Means, a Utah state engineer, and John Winder, a local rancher. The National Park Service evaluated alternative routes, including one that used Parunuweap Canyon (following the East Fork Virgin River), but settled on the Pine Creek route, which required a tunnel through the Great Arch. Detailed design work on the road was carried out by the Bureau of Public Roads. Details including bridges, retaining walls, culverts, and other features were designed by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Design under the supervision of Thomas Chalmers Vint. Work began in 1927 on a total of 25 mi of road, which was completed in 1930.</p><br>
<p>The highway features a 5,613 ft tunnel that follows the profile of the Pine Creek Canyon wall at a consistent distance of 21 ft from the outside face of the rock to the centerline of the tunnel. The west portal is framed by a masonry facade of cut sandstone, while the east portal is a naturalistically formed hole in the rock, entered directly from a bridge. Construction proceeded using mining techniques rather than traditional tunneling techniques, starting from a stope and working outward to the portals. The tunnel uses galleries to provide light and ventilation through the canyon wall to the outside air. The galleries also provided a place to dispose of rock generated during construction, which was dumped through the galleries into the canyon. Parking spaces were originally provided at the galleries, but were discontinued due to safety concerns. Some galleries have been repaired and partially closed with concrete due to damage from rockslides. The interior of the tunnel is rock-faced, with concrete reinforcement at selected locations.</p><br>
<p>Work on the tunnel was started in 1927 by the Nevada Construction Company and was completed in 1930 at a cost of $503,000 (equivalent to $ million in ).</p><br>
<p>Other significant structures include the Pine Creek and Virgin River Bridges and a second, short tunnel through a rock spur east of the main tunnel.</p><br>
<p>The Zion – Mount Carmel Highway was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 7, 1987. The Zion Mt. Carmel Tunnel and Highway was designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Portions of the 1977 horror movie The Car was filmed along the highway, including the Zion - Mount Carmel Tunnel where the evil, mysterious unmanned matte black car was operating through.</p><br>
<p>The Main Street Historic District encompasses the historic civic, commercial, and residential center of Durham, Connecticut. The district is primarily linear and runs along Main Street  from between Higganum Road and Town House Road in the south to Talcott Lane in the north, and along Maple Avenue, which parallels Main Street. The district includes most of its colonial architecture, as well as many of its civic buildings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Colonial settlers divided land that is now Durham in the 17th century, but the town was not platted and settled until the early 18th century. Politically powerful landowners from Hartford were instrumental in securing the location of the town center in its northern part. Main Street was laid out along a ridge of high land between swampy areas that were a defining feature of the town at the time. The swampiness prevented the formation of a full grid of streets, but Maple Street was run parallel to Main Street on its west side during the 19th century. The town was primarily agricultural, but the center benefited from being on a major route between Hartford and New Haven, with taverns and other services for travelers. In the early 19th century, shoemaking arose as a cottage industry, with other small industries added later in the century.</p><br>
<p>The historic district contains 112 contributing and 23 non-contributing properties over an area of 160 acre. It contains a diversity of architectural styles, reflective of more than 200 years of development. The residential architecture includes a few examples of high-style architecture, ranging from the Federal to the Victorian, but also includes examples of vernacular buildings constructed for lower-class mill workers. Non-residential buildings include the town hall, a Greek Revival church built in 1849 that has been converted to that use, as well as the 1901 library, another Greek Revival Church (built 1826), and an early 19th century tavern.</p><br>
<p>The Parker House is a historic house at 680 Middlesex Turnpike in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. It is a roughly square -story wood-frame structure with a gambrel roof, built in 1679 by Deacon William Parker. It is believed to be one of the oldest houses in the state, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and building history</h2><br>
<p>The Parker House is located on the north side of Middlesex Turnpike in western Old Saybrook, roughly midway between the town centers of Old Saybrook and Essex. The road was historically an early north–south turnpike paralleling the west bank of the Connecticut River. The house is oriented with its main facade to the south, facing Essex Road. The house is stories in height and three bays wide, with a gambreled wooden shingle roof, central brick chimney, and exterior finished in wooden clapboards. The rear of the house has a leanto section which appears to be integral to the original structure. The interior follows a center chimney plan, with a narrow entrance vestibule and attic stair in front of the chimney, parlors to the left and right, and a wide kitchen behind. The kitchen space has been modernized, while the front rooms retain many original features.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1679 by William Parker, one of the first settlers of Hartford, who arrived with Rev. Thomas Hooker in 1636. He soon moved further south to the Saybrook Colony, and probably built this house for his son Joseph. The house remained in the Parker family until the 1960s.</p><br>
<h2>Family history</h2><br>
<p>A different William Parker was not a founder of the First Church of Christ Congregational in Old Saybrook, but became its deacon in 1670. He represented the town at seven sessions of the general court. The town voted to grant him five acres of land for his services. He died in 1725 at the age of 81.</p><br>
<p>William Parker, II, the son of William Parker and Margery Parker, was born in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1645. He married Lydia Brown on September 7, 1676, and they had two children, William III, born January 15, 1673, and Lydia born February 13, 1690. William "was Sergeant in the Train-band as early as 1672 and in 1678-79 the town voted him five acres of land for services "out of the town" in the Indian wars.... He was a lay member of the Saybrook Synod of 1708 that framed the "Saybrook Platform" for the churches of Connecticut. Both he and his wife Lydia were buried in the old cemetery at Saybrook, and the following inscriptions can easily be read on their tombstone: "Here lyeth the Body of Deacon William Parker, who dec(d) Aug. 20, 1725, aged 81 years."</p><br>
<p>The Zion Lodge Historic District surrounds the rustic lodge originally designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood in Zion National Park. The lodge served as the center of a group of cabins, employee dormitories and support buildings which are included in the district. A swimming pool and bathhouse were demolished in 1976. The district was expanded in 1986 to include an Underwood-designed former photography studio and additional cabins.</p><br>
<p>The Zion Lodge complex was developed by the Utah Parks Company to provide lodging for tourists at Zion. The Utah Parks Company was owned by the Union Pacific Railroad, which had developed a strong relationship with Underwood. Underwood designed most of the structures in the lodge community using principles of rustic design favored by the National Park Service, a style that was developed and promoted, in part, by Underwood himself.</p><br>
<p>The district is centered on the Zion Lodge. Underwoods National Park Service Rustic style lodge burned in 1966 and was replaced by a prefabricated structure on the same foundation. A 1990 renovation added elements of Underwoods original design to the 1966 structure. The district includes:</p><br>
<p>Female Dormitory Built in 1927 to Underwood&#39;s design, in the "studs out" style with wall framing exposed outside of the wall sheathing. The one story building measures approximately 36 ft by 69 ft, with a log-framed hipped roof. The entry porch features stone piers and heavy log roof construction.</p><br>
<p>Male Dormitory Built in 1937 as an enlarged version of the female dormitory in a manner sympathetic to Underwood&#39;s original design. The one story building measures approximately 36 ft by 112 ft.</p><br>
<p>Standard Cabins Also known as "Pioneer Cabins" and "Frontier Cabins", built in the "studs out" style with an anticipated life expectancy of 20 years. The standard cabins were built beginning in 1925. In the 1940s small additions were made for bathrooms.</p><br>
<p>Western Cabins Also known as "Deluxe Cabins, the duplex and quadruplex cabins built in a substantial manner with massive stone piers and fireplaces and open log truss ceilings. Infill walls are built in the studs out style. The Western Cabins were built beginning in 1927.</p><br>
<p>Clarkson Chapel is located on New York State Route 9G  in Clermont, New York, United States, just across from the Coons House. It is a mid-19th century wooden building in the Carpenter Gothic style.</p><br>
<p>Levinus Clarkson, a local landowner who had married into the Livingston family, constructed it in 1860 for a group of dissident Episcopalians that included himself. At the time it was on the grounds of his estate, Knollwood.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Nine years later, when the Hudson River Historic District was created and designated a National Historic Landmark, it also became a contributing property to that district.</p><br>
<p>It has since passed from the Livingston descendants to Columbia County.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The chapel is located on a 1.1 acre lot on the west side of Route 9G, roughly 0.7 mile (1 km) south of the Stone Jug at the Jug Road intersection. It is screened from the road by a row of trees. A driveway approaches it from the southeast. The Coons House, across the road slightly north, is also listed on the Register.</p><br>
<p>It is a one-story frame structure with a steeply pitched gable roof and board-and-batten siding. Projecting hoods with scrolled brackets shield the windows and main entrance, a paneled double door with transom light. Pinnacles and pendants are at both gable ends, with a louvered vent beneath them. The bellcote is separate from the rest of the building, to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the chapel has a center aisle between painted wooden pews. The furnishings include hanging lanterns and a cast iron wood-burning stove. A pump organ is also inside.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1854, Levinus Clarkson, husband of Edward Philip Livingstons daughter Mary, left his position as vestryman at St. Pauls Episcopal Church in Tivoli, south of Clermont. He was joined by other congregants who had been alienated by a dispute. Six years later he built the chapel for the dissidents, on part of his Knollwood estate.</p><br>
<p>It was a personal application of the popular Carpenter Gothic style in a Picturesque setting. The chapel is still Episcopalian in its form and materials, and particularly the detached bellcote. Its decorative hoods distinguish from Richard Upjohns similarly Gothic St. Lukes on US 9 elsewhere in Clermont.</p><br>
<p>The Livingston family retained it until the late 20th century, using it for special events. Later in the century it became the property of Columbia County, when developers defaulted on their taxes for a nearby horse farm. In 2001, the environmental group Scenic Hudson obtained an easement for a trail that would connect the site to the horse farm at Clermont State Historic Site to the east.</p><br>
<p>The Compo–Owenoke Historic District encompasses an early 20th-century summer resort beach community in Westport, Connecticut. Developed between 1910 and 1940, the Compo Beach area contains one of the largest assemblages of period resort architecture in Westport, and one of the best such collections in the region. The district, covering 154 acre south of Compo Road South, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Compo and Owenoke occupy the southern portion of a peninsula extending into Long Island Sound south of downtown Westport. It is bounded on the east by Compo Cove, and the west by Gray&#39;s Creek. The historic district covers most of the area south of Compo Road South, excluding mainly buildings constructed or significantly altered after 1940. The Compo area is located north of Compo Beach, and has a somewhat grid-like road layout with mostly small lot sizes. The Owenoke Point peninsula projects westward from Compo; part of it was originally an island joined to the mainland by landfill in the 1930s. Buildings in the district are mainly Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, or Craftsman/Bungalow in style. A few 19th-century farmhouses also remain in the district, a reminder of its agrarian past.</p><br>
<p>Prior to its development as a summer resort community, Compo was a coastal agricultural area. In 1909, development began on the eastern third of the district, formerly the farm of David Bradley. Roads on the western side of the district were laid out in 1919, and Appletree Trail was laid through the center of the district in 1928. The beach area was developed with bathing facilities, dancing pavilions, and a marina, but deed restrictions on most properties precluded the construction of hotels. The area was popular with middle-class New Yorkers in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The Bly Ranger Station is a United States Forest Service compound that serves as the headquarters for the Bly Ranger District which is an administrative subdivision of the Fremont National Forest. It is located in the small unincorporated community of Bly in southcentral Oregon. The ranger station was constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps between 1936 and 1942. Today, the seven original buildings are still used by the Bly Ranger District. The compound was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district in 1981.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, the forest road networks were not well developed. To facilitate work in National Forests, the Forest Service built district ranger stations at strategic locations within the forest to house full-time employees and provide logistics support to fire patrols and project crews working at remote forest sites. After World War II, the Forest Service greatly expanded its road network, allowing employees to get to most forest areas within a few hours. As a result, many of the more isolated ranger stations were closed or converted to summer guard station. However, the Bly Ranger Station has served continuously as a district administrative headquarters since it was built.</p><br>
<p>Development of the Bly Ranger Station began in 1935 when the Forest Service acquired a 4 acre site in Bly for a district ranger station to manage the western part of the Fremont National Forest. The Forest Service paid $625 for the property. The ranger station was built by Civilian Conservation Corps workers stationed at nearby Camp Bly with the help of some experienced local men, all under the supervision of Forest Service district ranger Perry Smith. Construction was based on designs by E.U. Blanchfield, architect for the Forest Service&#39;s Pacific Northwest Region. The seven original buildings at the Bly compound were constructed between 1936 and 1942. A modern administrative headquarters building was added to the compound in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The original structures built by the Civilian Conservation Corps still exist and are all in excellent condition. Because of Bly Ranger Station&#39;s unique historic value as an early Forest Service ranger station, the compound and surrounding area was listed on the National Register of Historic Place on 11 March 1981. The entire site totals 47 acre.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>While the Bly Ranger Station buildings are masterpieces of Cascadian architecture, they were not expensive to build. The district office and the main rangers residence were both finished in 1937. The office cost $1,700 to build while the rangers residence cost the Government $2,400. The oil and gas house was built in 1939 at a cost of only $300. The last building constructed at Bly compound by the Civilian Conservation Corps was the guard residence. It was completed in 1942 at a cost of $1,600.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, the district staff has grown to more than thirty full-time employees, increasing the need for office space. In addition to the original district office and the new administrative building, the guard residence and the garage have been converted into office space. However, district personnel still live in the two ranger residences. The warehouse and gas house are still used for their original purposes as well.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Bly Ranger Station is located in the upper Sprague River Valley of eastern Klamath County, Oregon surrounded by the Fremont National Forest. The compound is on the south side of State Highway 140 in the small unincorporated community of Bly. The ranger station is 43 mi northwest of Lakeview and 53 mi northeast of Klamath Falls.</p><br>
<p>The Bly ranger station compound is open for self-guided tours Monday through Friday year around, except on Federal holidays. Information about the historic buildings is available at the district office. There are also picnic tables and public restrooms available at the site.</p><br>
<p>Mitchell Monument is approximately ten miles northwest of the ranger station in the Fremont National Forest. The monument is located at the only site in the continental United States where Americans were killed during World War II as a direct result of enemy action. Information about Mitchell Monument and its history is available at the ranger station.</p><br>
<p>The Milton Center Historic District encompasses the historic 19th-century village center of Milton in the northwestern part of the town of Litchfield, Connecticut, United States. Basically linear, it stretches from Milton Cemetery in the west to the junction of Milton and Shearshop Roads in the east, including houses, churches, schools, and the remains of industrial sites. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The village of Milton was settled around 1740, and was first known as West Farms. David Welch, one of the early arrivals, built a house in about 1756 that still stands near the eastern end of the village. He was a merchant who also processed iron on his property. Other early residents dammed the branches of the Shepaug River to operate sawmills, gristmills, and other water-powered industry. The small settlement was formally granted parish status by the town in 1768, and its first church was built in 1791. The village flourished until the mid-19th century, after which it declined, bypassed by the railroads and technological advances reducing dependence on water power.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is basically linear, extending east-west along Milton Road, from the cemetery in the west to the junction of Shearshop Road in the east. The focal point is at this eastern junction, where there is a triangular green and the Trinity Church. The 1791 Congregational Church is a short way to the west. Other notable buildings in the district include the Milton Academy and a Milton District School. Two bridges cross over the East branch of the Shepaug River, and there are archaeological remnants of the water-powered industries. The district is embedded in a larger locally designated district that encompasses 150 buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Notable person</h2><br>
<p>Amy Archer-Gilligan, serial killer</p><br>
<p>The Torringford Street Historic District is a historic district on the eastern side of the city of Torrington, Connecticut, United States. The district includes properties along Torringford Street , the main thoroughfare of the Torringford section of the city, between United States Route 202 and West Hill Road. The road is one of the oldest in Torrington, and this section is notable for containing a cross-section of well-preserved architecture from the 18th to the mid-20th centuries. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The land that makes up the city of Torrington was settled in the 1730s and incorporated as a town in 1740. Its bounds were determined by the colonial legislature in 1732, at which time the route of Torringford Street was also laid out. The area&#39;s economy was based on agriculture, and it gained a separate identity from the town center due to geographic separation. A separate church was approved for the Torringford district in 1763 and built in 1768; it has not survived, but its location near West Pearl Street is marked. The area flourished with modest commerce in the mid-19th century, but became economically flat when focus of economic development moved to the town center with the arrival of the railroad in 1849. The area has remained largely agricultural since then, with some residential subdivision taking place.</p><br>
<p>The historic district covers some 650 acre, extending along Torringford Street from US 202 to West Hill Road. All of the districts buildings face Torringford Street, except one property on Hayden Hill Road, which contributes to the visual landscape. The modern roads roughly straight alignment is essentially what was laid out in 1732. The district includes 119 historically significant buildings, most of the modest wood frame residential structures. Notable early buildings include the c. 1757 Shubael Griswold Tavern, which was one of the first taverns in the community.</p><br>
<p>The Georgetown University Astronomical Observatory  was founded in 1841 by Father James Curley of the Department of Physics at Georgetown College. Father Curley chose a site on the college grounds, planned the building, and supervised its construction to its completion in 1844. Costs were initially paid by Rev. Thomas Meredith Jenkins, S.J., and Rev. Charles H. Stonestreet, S.J., who were Georgetown professors at the time. The observatory was used in 1846 to determine the latitude and longitude of Washington, D.C., which Curley determined to be latitude 38°54′26N and longitude 5818.29 .</p><br>
<p>In 1850, Benedict Sestini used the Observatory to make a series of sunspot drawings, which were engraved and published (44 plates) as "Appendix A" of the Naval Observatory volume for 1847, printed in 1853. In 1888, Johann Georg Hagen was named director. He was responsible for the installation of the 12-inch equatorial telescope with which for twenty years he observed and gathered data on variable stars. This instrument is still in continuous use. In 1928, Paul McNally became director. Francis J. Heyden, S.J. became director in 1945, and continued research into solar eclipses. In 1972, Georgetown University closed its Department of Astronomy, and the Observatory was used by the Georgetown University Astronomical Society and the Department of Biology. Light pollution from surrounding Washington, D.C., has limited viewing celestial bodies from the location.</p><br>
<p>On July 2, 1973, the Observatory was designated as a USA national landmark National Register of Historic Places. The Georgetown University Astronomical Society has, with support of Department of Physics and Georgetown University, periodically sponsored renovation of the Observatory, which was primarily used by the Laboratory of Entomology and Biodiversity directed by Professor Edward M. Barrows in 1996-2023. The Heyden Memorial Garden is on the east and north sides of the observatory. The garden has a conservation garden with native species; formal gardens; ponds with fish, frogs, water plants, and other biota; and trees including American beech, crapemyrtle, eastern redcedar, and English oak. The conservation garden is a monarch butterfly waystation. In 1989, as part of GU&#39;s bicentennial celebration, Professor Donald M. Spoon, who had a lab in the Observatory at the time, organized the dedication of the garden. Father Heyden attended the ceremony. At the time, the garden was full of hundreds of iris species and cultivars, including new ones that Professor Spoon had bred. Currently, Observatory Hill likely has thousands of species of archaens, bacteria, and eurkaryans, including animals, fungi, plants, and protistans. About 20 pollinator species regularly visit flowers on the Hill.</p><br>
<p>Currently the observatory is operated and maintained by the Georgetown University Astronomical Society.</p><br>
<h2>List of directors</h2><br>
<p>James Curley (1843)</p><br>
<p>Johann Georg Hagen (1888)</p><br>
<p>Edward C. Phillips</p><br>
<p>Paul McNally (1928)</p><br>
<p>Francis J. Heyden (1948)</p><br>
<p>The Coons House is located along NY 9G in Clermont, New York, United States, across the road from the Clarkson Chapel. It was built in the mid-19th century in the Greek Revival architectural style.</p><br>
<p>It is the only Greek Revival house in Clermont to have been built in the full temple style, with a front colonnade. In 1983 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, where it is also a contributing property to the Hudson River Historic District, a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house is at the front of a 15.5 acre lot, with trees screening it from the road on its west and a driveway to the north. The neighborhood is rural, with pastures from a nearby horse farm and woodlots.</p><br>
<p>It is a clapboard-sided frame building two stories high and three bays wide. On the west (front) facade, a two-story portico is supported by four polygonal columns with the entrance on the south. It is flanked by pilasters and topped with a transom light.</p><br>
<p>A brick chimney rises from the north. On the south end is a one-story gabled wing.</p><br>
<p>There are two outbuildings on the property. A small shed is behind the house, and a barn is to the south. Both are considered contributing properties to its historic character and Register listing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building is known to have been erected around 1850. Little is known of its owner or resident at that time. It was on the estates of the Livingston family, and its architectural detail, with a somewhat relaxed application of the Greek Revival style, suggests some prominence for the owner. Its location away from the main buildings of the estate and modest scale make it likely that it was the home of a favored or senior employee of the Livingstons.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office in Hudson, New York, United States, is located on Union Street at the corner of South Fourth Street, just across from the Columbia County courthouse. It serves the ZIP Code 12534, which covers the city of Hudson and surrounding areas of the Town of Greenport.</p><br>
<p>It was built from 1909 to 1911 in a combination of the Colonial and Classical Revival architectural styles. The latter was used for the front portico, which echoes that of the slightly older county courthouse across the street. During the 1930s it was expanded in an architecturally sympathetic fashion, and public art was added to its lobby. It is a contributing property to the Hudson Historic District, established in 1985. Three years later, in 1988, the post office was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in its own right, the only one in the county on the Register.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The post office is a seven-by-five-bay one-story building of brick laid in Flemish bond on a raised foundation faced in granite. It is capped with a low hipped roof; the arched windows are trimmed in white marble with a block at the springline. A two-bay wing projects from the east, along the south facade.</p><br>
<p>Along the west facade, on South Fourth, is a five-bay central pavilion with slightly recessed wings. The main entrance is flanked by fluted floral-topped wooden pilasters that support an entablature with similarly foliated cornice. Above it a plain frieze reads "Hudson, N.Y., 12534." The entire entry is surrounded by a large arch with a decorated marble surround, featuring rosettes, an archivolt with interlocking wooden circles. It is topped by an architrave with carved guttae and a deep cornice with modillions. Atop it is a balustraded parapet.</p><br>
<p>The south facade has a shallow single-bay portico with paired Doric columns supporting an entablature with triglyphs and modillioned pediment. Its entrance is similar to the other facade. Granite steps lead up from the street.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the L-shaped lobby can be entered from both directions. From the south, a wooden vestibule opens onto a space with terrazzo floors bordered by white marble and inset panels, marble wainscoting and high ceiling. The plaster walls are divided by engaged fluted wooden pilasters topped by egg-and-dart–molded capitals. Above them is a cornice with similar molding, with a five-paneled cast stone relief, "The History of Transportation", above the door to the postmaster&#39;s office.</p><br>
<p>The east portion of the lobby is less detailed. Its vestibule&#39;s inner door has a similar treatment as the western exterior entrance. Bronze customer tables are original.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the time of Hudson&#39;s incorporation in 1785, mail to and from the community was handled by the post office in nearby Claverack, then the county seat. The village gained its own post office in 1793, run from a store on Warren Street. Later it was in another store on the same street.</p><br>
<p>This was the building still in use in 1906 when Congress allocated $75,000 ($ in contemporary dollars) for the construction of a new post office opposite the recently constructed courthouse and near the city&#39;s other public buildings. Two years later the site was purchased for $15,000.</p><br>
<p>James Knox Taylor, Supervising Architect of the Treasury, designed the building, one of many post offices in New York he is responsible for. He had begun introducing classical and Renaissance elements into post office design, to express a return to the democratic ideals of the Founders. In Hudson, he put two classically inspired porticos on a basic Colonial Revival brick main block. They shared many details, such as the paired columns, modillion blocks and parapet, with the recently built Warren and Wetmore-designed county courthouse across the square.</p><br>
<p>Construction was supposed to have been finished by August 1910 but instead it was not done until almost a year and a half later, in December 1911, at a cost of $58,576 ($ in contemporary dollars). In the early 1930s an addition was authorized due to local growth. It required the purchase of more land to the east and the demolition of the house on it. In 1938 it was completed for $99,000 ($ in contemporary dollars). During that construction, the Vincent Glinsky "Evolution of Transportation" sculpture was added to the lobby through the Treasury Relief Art Project.</p><br>
<p>During this work some of the original windows and vents were bricked over, and the current bronze handrail on the outdoor steps added. A quarter-century later, in 1963, when the outdoor steps were replaced, the original lampposts were removed as well. There have been no other significant changes to the building other than those.</p><br>
<p>The Graniteville Historic District is a mainly residential historic district in Waterford, Connecticut, United States. It is ranged along Rope Ferry Road, near granite quarries that were once a major industry in the town. Most of the 31 historical buildings in the district are plain residences occupied by quarry workers; also included are the c. 1878 Graniteville School at 239 Rope Ferry Road, and the house of John Palmer, one of the proprietors of the quarries, at 218 Rope Ferry Road. His house, a c. 1860 Italianate updating of an older house, is the most elaborate house in the district. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Waterford was settled in the 17th century, and was part of New London until 1801. Its industrial history as a granite quarrying locale began as early as 1737, when Edward Buor began quarrying stones for use in grist mills. The site of his quarry, which operated into the mid-20th century, became known as Millstone Point, and is where the Millstone Nuclear Power Plant is now located. Granite quarrying became a larger business in the 19th century, and was the town&#39;s largest non-agricultural industry. The Graniteville community arose in the 1840s and 1850s as a cluster of housing for quarry workers along Rope Ferry Road, which was then the major east-west road between New London and Lyme.</p><br>
<p>The historic district consists of three discontiguous sections. Two of these are abandoned quarries, located west and northwest of the built village. The latter extends along Rope Ferry Road roughly from Spithead Road to Gardiners Wood Road. Most of the houses are architecturally vernacular expressions of the Greek Revival, with the house of John Palmer its most distinctive example of the Italianate style. The Graniteville School is also Italianate, and there are several example of Carpenter Gothic architecture, including in the barn at 227 Rope Ferry Road.</p><br>
<p>Norwichtown is a historic neighborhood in the city of Norwich, Connecticut, United States. It is generally the area immediately north of the Yantic River between I-395 and Route 169.</p><br>
<p>The portion of the neighborhood from the Norwichtown Green and east of it is a locally designated historic district that was also listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as the Norwichtown Historic District. The district includes 48 contributing buildings and one other contributing site over 110 acre area.</p><br>
<p>The earliest settlement of Norwich, in 1659, was in Norwichtown. Initial settlement, by 35 English settlers who relocated from under the leadership of Major John Mason and bought land from Uncas, sachem of the Mohegans, was centered on the Norwichtown Green.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Green is triangular in shape, with an area of about 1.75 acre. It is surrounded by shade trees and bordered by Town Street, East Town Street and Elm Avenue. These streets are lined with 18th and 19th houses and shops that face the Green. There are four houses in Norwichtown that were built in the 17th century: the 1660 Bradford-Huntington House, built c. 1660; the Olmstead-Lathrop House, dating to c. 1659-1745; Leffingwell House Museum, built c. 1675; and the Simon Huntington House, built c. 1690. The First Congregational Church, built in the Federal style in 1801, was the third building to house the local congregation. Many older homes in the district have been converted to commercial use. The John Mason School is now the central administration for the Norwich Public School System. North of the towns first schoolhouse is the Colonial Cemetery where four Connecticut governors are buried. Four houses from the 17th century remain standing north of the Green area is Meeting House Hill, a cliff of large rocks that is also known as the Meeting House Rocks. It was on this cliff that the villages second and third meetinghouses were established, with the site used as a lookout point. The memorial on top of the rocks and pathway are cared for by the First Congregational Church.</p><br>
<p>Five buildings included in the historic district are separately listed on the National Register of Historic Places. These are the saltbox Leffingwell Inn, the Joseph Carpenter Silversmith Shop, built c. 1772-1774; the Dr. Daniel Lathrop School, one of Connecticut&#39;s oldest remaining brick schoolhouses, which dates to 1782; the Bradford-Huntington House at 16 Huntington Lane; and the Gen. Jedidiah Huntington House at 23 E. Town Street.</p><br>
<p>Norwichtown was the old center of Norwich, when the town was settled primarily as a farming community in the late 17th century. By the early 18th century, the focus of Norwich became the harbor facilities in the adjacent Chelsea neighborhood east and south of the town center, and eventually the center of Norwich became the small urban center at Chelsea, which was also ringed with industrial mills. The establishment of the city of Norwich in 1784 centered on the Chelsea neighborhood necessitated the distinction of calling the old town center Norwichtown. The city of Norwich was consolidated with the town of Norwich in 1952 relegating Norwichtown to become a residential neighborhood of the city of Norwich.</p><br>
<p>As Chelsea Parade became a more populated residential district, the residents wanted a church closer than those in Norwichtown. Therefore, the Park Congregational Church was built right next to Chelsea Parade. Stephen C. Earle of Worcester Massachusetts designed the Park Congregational Church and the church was built in 1873. The church was built in the Romanesque revival style.</p><br>
<p>The Teel House originally built, as a hotel is also located on Chelsea Parade. Joseph Teel of Preston built the Hotel in 1789. The Hotel was known for its fine halls and splendid ballrooms. After Mr. Teel&#39;s death, the hotel was converted into a boarding school and day school. Today the Teel House is a residence. The house has an impressive center hall plan and contains eight fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>One of the main streets running through Norwichtown and adjacent to Chelsea Green is Washington Street. Along Washington Street is the house of Charles A. Converse. This gothic-styled house was built c. 1870 and is most notable for its steeply pitched roofs and the red and gray roof slates. However, the owner, Charles Converse, is noted more for the Converse Art Gallery that he gave to the Norwich Free Academy, less than a block away.</p><br>
<p>Traveling further down Washington Street away from Norwich town there are many other Historic Houses, such as the Learned-Aiken House, Vernet-Lee House, the Eliza Huntington Memorial Home, and the Lathrop-Brewer House.</p><br>
<p>Running parallel to Washington Street is Broadway. One interesting House located at 189 Broadway is the De Witt House-Lydia Huntley Sigourney School. The house was built in the late eighteenth century. In 1812 the house was used a school for young ladies. Lydia Huntley conducted the school with her friend Nancy Maria Hyde until she was forced to close the school once Hyde became ill.</p><br>
<p>Continuing down Washington Street toward Norwich town is the most famous of historic homes in Norwich, the Leffingwell Inn. Stephen Backus built the original house in 1675. The House also includes fine works from Norwich silversmiths and clock makers of the 1700s. Christopher Leffingwell, the son of Thomas commissioned Thomas Harland to design a clock for the North Parlor that is still hung in the same exact place that Christopher originally hung the clock.</p><br>
<p>Further into Norwich town is the Joshua Prior House. Joshua Prior built the house in 1766. The house still has the original fluted pilasters over the doorways and six-paneled raised double front door.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Joshua Lathrop House was built in 1763. This house was built in two sections, a saltbox section and then a three-bay Georgian Section. The house has been restored and it still has original fireplaces including a nine- foot cooking fireplace.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Huntington, signer of the Declaration of Independence, president of the Continental Congress, first President of the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and governor of Connecticut, lived in Norwichtown. His house is located to the east of the Green and he is buried in the Old Norwichtown Burying Ground. Samuel Huntington Elementary School on West Town Street in Norwichtown, a public school operated by Norwich Public Schools, is named for him.</p><br>
<p>Fairview Reservoir, one of Norwich&#39;s backup reservoirs, is between Canterbury Turnpike and Scotland Road in Norwichtown.</p><br>
<h2>Norwichtown Historic District</h2><br>
<p>This district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1973. By then, the district was already a local historic district. The National Register application was promoted by the local historic commission, in connection to its opposition to the demolition of a building in the district area. The local commission sought the listing "for the prestige and status that is sometimes found in the recognition by not only a State agency but the Federal government."</p><br>
<p>The district includes much of the original settlement area of the town. It includes the Norwichtown Green and Old Norwichtown Burying Ground and "has irregular boundaries on the radiating streets." The district consists of two parts: one includes the Green and stretches down to the Leffingwell museum at Washington and Town Streets. A smaller, separated part includes six buildings on Harland Road and/or Harland Place.</p><br>
<p>The district&#39;s 110 acre area includes 48 contributing buildings and one other contributing site.</p><br>
<p>The district is defined to exclude a large commercial mall, the Norwichtown Mall, and other non-historic areas.</p><br>
<p>Two "outstanding" buildings in the district, both located on the Norwichtown Green, are the Dr. Daniel Lathrop School and the Joseph Carpenter Silversmith Shop. The school, built in 1783, is believed to be one of the earliest brick schoolhouses still surviving in Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>There are five separately NRHP-listed buildings in the district: the Bradford-Huntington House, at 16 Huntington Lane; Joseph Carpenter Silversmith Shop, at 71 E. Town Street; the 1798 East District School, at 365 Washington Street; the Gen. Jedidiah Huntington House, at 23 E. Town Street; and Leffingwell Inn, a saltbox at 348 Washington Street, in the southeast corner of the first part of the district.</p><br>
<p>Washington Street includes many pre-1800 homes.</p><br>
<p>The historic district includes part of the original area of the 1660 settlement of Norwichtown. More than 300 years later, the pattern of development is still similar.</p><br>
<p>The Shiloh Missionary Baptist Church and Rosenwald School is a historic Missionary Baptist Church and Rosenwald School located near 7794 Highway 81, Notasulga, Alabama in Macon County, Alabama. The property contains two buildings that are both associated with the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. The church building is a gable-front frame building with a frame bell tower serving as a prominent landmark along the highway. The building has been sided in vinyl, c. 1990, but the interior of the building retains its c. 1916 appearance, complete with decorative painted graining on doors, pews, wainscoting, and other defining features of the building. The Rosenwald School, built c. 1922 and remodeled c. 1936, retains its historical and architectural integrity from the 1930s when a New Deal agency expanded the industrial room and made other interior and exterior changes. The Rosenwald School is undergoing renovation as of February 2011. Both buildings have been listed in the Alabama State Historic Register.</p><br>
<p>One of the most infamous incidents in the medical history of the United States is the study of syphilis, sponsored by the U. S. Public Health Service (USPHS) in Macon County, Alabama, from 1932 to 1973. It is often called "The Tuskegee Study" because the Macon County seat is Tuskegee and a former hospital at Tuskegee Institute (now university) and the Veterans’ Hospital at Tuskegee were used for some of the medical procedures. The Shiloh Missionary Baptist Church is located about 8 miles north of Tuskegee, Alabama.</p><br>
<p>Notices would be sent to subject of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. They were instructed to meet at a central location to be picked up for testing. A memo from the USPHS details where these roundups between test doctors and USPHS official took place. The memo stated "The Government will be here next week. Be sure to meet him at the time a place listed below that is nearest your home." The rural location were a combination of churches, schools, and crossroads stores. The Shiloah Missionary Baptist Church was one gathering location.</p><br>
<p>The buildings and adjacent cemetery were added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on September 20, 2006. They were subsequently added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 6, 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Cass County Courthouse in Linden, Texas was built in 1859 and has remained in operation since 1861, making it the only existing Antebellum courthouse in Texas and therefore making it the oldest courthouse in continuous operation. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>It is a three-story Classical Revival-style building, with its appearance mainly deriving from c.1900 renovation/expansion. It was damaged by a fire in 1933 but was quickly repaired. When listed on the National Register it was the longest continually-used courthouse in Texas.</p><br>
<p>The Cheyenne County Courthouse in Cheyenne Wells, Colorado is a Georgian Revival-style building that was built in 1908 and first used in 1909. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant for its association with the rapid homesteading of Cheyenne County which was created just 20 years before the courthouse was built, and for its architecture. It was designed by noted Colorado architect John J. Huddart.</p><br>
<p>It was renovated and extended to the back in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Chase County Courthouse in Cottonwood Falls, Kansas was built in 1873 and is the oldest operating courthouse in Kansas.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse was constructed from local limestone, and the three-story winding staircase was constructed from local walnut trees. The architectural style has been described as Second Empire or French Renaissance Revival.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. The architect was John G. Haskell who was among the architects of the Kansas State Capitol.</p><br>
<p>Tours are available by appointment by contacting the Chase County Chamber of Commerce.</p><br>
<p>The Beaver County Courthouse is a historic building in Beaver, Utah, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse was built in 1882 in a Late Victorian architectural style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. Construction took place from 1876 to 1882, and a vault and jail were added to the rear in later years.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story red brick building, with basement and attic, built upon foundation of whitewashed sandstone. It is 39x55 ft in plan, not including the rear additions.</p><br>
<p>The building later became home to the Beaver DUP Courthouse Museum, operated in the summer by the Daughters of Utah Pioneers.</p><br>
<p>The NRHP document states that the architect is unknown, but it was designed by architect Richard Kletting.</p><br>
<p>It was built by William Stokes, a Union Army veteran who was previously the USA marshal of Beaver. Budget for the building was $15,000. It held the Second Judicial Court which served all of southern Utah, plus county offices and records. It is a three-story red brick building, with a basement of black igneous rock.</p><br>
<p>The Chester County Courthouse is a historic courthouse building located in the county seat of West Chester, Chester County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1846 at a cost of $55,346 and was designed by Thomas U. Walter. Walter also designed the dome of the United States Capitol. An addition, designed by T. Roney Williamson and constructed from Indiana Limestone, was added in 1893. Another addition was added in 1966.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 5, 1972, and located in the West Chester Downtown Historic District. It was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey in July 1958.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The first courthouse to serve Chester County was the 1724 Chester Courthouse in Chester, and it is now listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Following the transfer of the county seat from Chester, now located in Delaware County, to West Chester in 1786, the means of judicial law were conducted in a courthouse built in 1786, characterized as "miserable specime of architecture". When it became apparent that the existing courthouse was inadequate in size, grand juries and several petitioners proposed a new courthouse to be erected in 1845, located at 10 North High Street. Though some individuals demurred, claiming that the proposed courthouse would be a burden upon taxpayers, local officials supported the project. Architect Thomas U. Walter was commissioned to design the courthouse. Ground was broken in early 1846, and the cornerstone was placed on 4 July; the courthouse was completed in late 1847, with the total cost of the project reaching $55,345.98. After construction finished, the building gradually filled with items and individuals being transferred to the new offices; by December, the courthouse was fully in use. The courthouse, since then, was regularly used as a rendezvous for residents; during the Civil War, "rousing patriotic meetings" were held, and speeches famous individuals orated in the building.</p><br>
<p>After years of complaints, the Chester County Court designated a commission of representatives from the Chester County Bar Association in 1888 to investigate the issue of lack of space in the new courthouse. Among the proposals considered was the addition of an additional wing to the courthouse facing westward toward Market Street. In 1890, the land required to build such an extension was secured, and in 1891, T. Roney Williamson was commissioned to design the addition. Plummer E. Jefferis was paid $75,030 to construct the 50 x annex, which was started in June 1891 and finished in early 1893. The courtroom within the addition was first used in late 1892 as a result of an uptick in the number of cases, making it necessary to utilize the extra space while still under construction. In December 1892, the old courtroom was refurbished as well, though the addition was used until January 1893, when the overhaul of the original courtroom was completed.</p><br>
<p>Thenceforth, both courtrooms were used simultaneously. The courtroom and renovation of the building was completed on 8 April 1893 at cost of $116,446.53. Courtroom 1 was later renovated again in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Ten Commandments plaque</h2><br>
<p>On 1 March 1920, county commissioners received the gift of a plaque imprinted with the text of the Ten Commandments from the Council of Religious Education of the Federated Churches of West Chester, which was unveiled on 11 December. The Reverend Charles R. Williamson claimed that the tablet would serve as "a reminder, to all who read as they pass by, of their duty and responsibility to God and their fellow men." In 2002, Sally Flynn, representing the Freethought Society of Greater Philadelphia, filed a complaint against Chester County regarding the plaque and requested its removal, alleging it was a violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which stated that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion". Freethought Society v. Chester County resulted in a court order stating that the county was "permanently enjoined" from the preservation of the tablet under the First Amendment. The defendant, the county, filed an appeal which was considered by the court, concluding in a second court order changing the terms of the original one: to cover the plaque with a material of the same color as the stone. A second appeal was filed in 2003 and reviewed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, resulting in the reversal of the original order and re-allowed the exhibition of the tablet.</p><br>
<p>The Anderson County Courthouse, located at 4th and Oak Streets in Garnett, serves as the seat of government for Anderson County, Kansas. The courthouse was built from 1901 to 1902 by contractors Latimer & Benning, the building cost $75,000. The courthouse was designed by George P. Washburn designed the courthouse in the Romanesque Revival style.</p><br>
<p>Distinctive features of the courthouse include a bell tower and four corner towers with conical roofs. The building&#39;s entrances are adorned with fan-shaped windows and stone arches. The third-floor windows also feature arches, with these stone arches linked by a continuous band of stone encircling the building.</p><br>
<p>The Anderson County Courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Leesburg Historic District in Leesburg, Virginia is a historic district that includes Classical Revival, Greek Revival, and Georgian architecture and dates back to 1757. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and its boundaries were increased in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Additional Properties</h2><br>
<h3>Carlheim</h3><br>
<p>In 2004, the Victorian era Second Empire - Italianate influenced Carlheim Mansion and 16 acre grounds (aka "Paxton") were added as a non-contiguous part of the Leesburg Historic District. The property is held in private trust and became the home of the Margaret Paxton Memorial Learning and Resource Campus, which includes the Aurora School, in November 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Warsaw Courthouse Square Historic District is a historic district in Warsaw, Indiana that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Its boundaries were increased in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Warsaw was named after the capital of Poland, the homeland of the county&#39;s namesake, Thaddeus Kosciusko. Beginning in 1834, settlers arrived, a blacksmith shop and several dwellings were built. A year after being platted it was chosen as the county seat. In 1854 Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway came to town and growth began.</p><br>
<p>The Kosciusko County Jail was designed by George O. Garnsey and built by Richard Epperson in 1870, the Gothic Revival fortress-like jail is an intimidating sight. The Opera House was constructed in 1874 after a fire destroyed an earlier hall. This three-story brick building contained seating for 1,500 people. The former Odd Fellows Building dates from 1872. With more rail lines, canneries, flour mills, ice making and farm implements factories developed. In 1916 the Widaman-McDonald Building was built and housed a 500-seat Centennial Theatre.</p><br>
<p>Prosperity continued into the twentieth century. Early in the century, the Winona Interurban began operation, enabling people in the outlying areas to get to Warsaw quickly and inexpensively. A number of commercial buildings were constructed during this period including the Widaman-McDonald Building, the Eagles Lodge and two buildings on Center Street. The district&#39;s most impressive 20th century building is the Post Office designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect under James A. Wetmore in 1931.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Warsaw Court House and Jail District consists of two city blocks in downtown Warsaw, Indiana. The district is bounded by Main Street, Indiana Street, Center Street and Lake Street.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The District contains thirteen commercial and governmental buildings. The Kosciusko County Court House, the Saemann Building, and the Kosciusko County Jail are architecturally significant. The Eagles Building, the Widaman-McDonald Building, the Humpty Dumpty Restaurant contribute architecturally to the district. The buildings on Center Street provide a continuous façade line to the 16 ft sidewalk as a group.</p><br>
<p>Like other counties, Kosciusko County built a magnificent courthouse in the center of the dense commercial district. The courthouse is the architectural and political centerpiece of the community. The nearby Jail, constructed eleven years before the courthouse, was designed by George O. Garnsey, of Chicago.</p><br>
<p>The Saemann Building (Crownover/Masonic Lodge Building) replaced a resort hotel that was destroyed by fire in 1883. A new hotel was being constructed down the street, it was decided to build a three-story commercial structure. The building had commercial establishments on the first floor, law offices on the second floor, and the third floor was Warsaw&#39;s Masonic Lodge.</p><br>
<h2>Inventory</h2><br>
<p>All structures are historically contributing towards the Historic District Status, unless otherwise noted. An ‘O’ rating signifies that the structure had enough historic or architectural significance to be considered for individual listing in the National Register of Historic Places. The ‘N’ rating signifies that the structure is above average and may, with further investigation be eligible for an individual listing. The ‘C’ or contributing rating signifies that the structure meet the basic inventory qualifications, but fails to meet individual merit, but in combination with other closely placed similar structures warrants inclusion in an historic district.</p><br>
<p>West Center Street</p><br>
<p>202 Commercial Building; Twentieth Century Functional, c.1940 (C)</p><br>
<p>Kosciusko County Courthouse; Victorian Eclectic, 1882-1884 (Thomas J. Tolan and Son, architect; Hiram Iddings, builder) (O). The countys fourth courthouse was constructed between the years 1882-1884 at a cost of almost $200,000. The buildings ornate limestone façade is highly articulated with decorative scrolls, garlands and classical columns. It is topped with a 162-feet domed tower visible for miles around. Second Empire Style, limestone construction, mansard roof with straight sides, central pavilion, paired windows, metal roof curbs, arched double doors with glass panels, belt courses, porthole dormers, tall chimneys with decorated caps. Eyebrow-like window heads and paneled frieze boards. A two-shelled dome with four clocks crowns the building. The Court House is surrounded by native hardwood trees. On the southeast corner of the square is a Civil War cannon. A World War II cannon is sited on the southwest corner of the square. On the Northwest corner is a World War II tank.</p><br>
<p>East Center Street</p><br>
<p>101, 103, 105 East Center Street- Saemann Building; Italianate, 1883 (N). The Saemann Building: 1883, the three-story Italianate brick structure. The boxed metal cornice wraps the south and west sides with friezes decoration and brackets, each façade have a decorated metal pediment, windows have arches with radiating brick voussoirs with metal keystones and metal lug sills.</p><br>
<p>Just east of the courthouse is the Saemann Building, which also served as the Masonic Lodge. The 1883 Italianate building features an elaborately bracketed cornice and a broken pediment bearing the Masons&#39; distinctive emblem. Other smaller, less ornate commercial buildings from this period include the R. H. Hitzler Building and the H. S. Biggs Building.</p><br>
<p>107 East Center Street: c. 1890, redesigned c. 1935, 2 stories, masonry and stucco, glass block windows.</p><br>
<p>111 East Center Street: c. 1920, brick laid in running bond, soldier course brick over second floor windows, cut stone sills.</p><br>
<p>115, 117 East Center Street:</p><br>
<p>The Eagles Building: 1930, three stories with brick pilasters with stone capitals, stone coping, rectangular panels with rowlock brick and square stone corners, brick laid in header bond, soldier course brick over second and third floor windows, cut stone sills. Built for the Fraternal Order of Eagles by Mr. Hodges, designed by Mr. Jesse T. Osborn.</p><br>
<p>119 East Center Street: Widaman-McDonald Building; Craftsman, 1916 (N). is two stories with 500-seat theatre and stage behind. The end bays of the south façade are defined by brick pilasters and each has a projected wood frame bay supported by decorative brackets. Brick is laid in stretcher bond, second floor windows have soldier course brick laid on steel lintels and cut stone lugsills.</p><br>
<p>Indiana Street</p><br>
<p>Times Building: Twentieth Century Functional, c.1946 (N).</p><br>
<p>121 Indiana Street:: Kosciusko County Jail; Gothic Revival, 1870/1937/1964 (G. O. Garnsey, architect; Richard Epperson, builder) (O) NR.</p><br>
<p>At corner of Main Street: Kosciusko County Jail (Corner Main & Indiana Streets): 1870, three-story "Gothic Revival" building designed by Mr. George Garnsey and built by Mr. Richard Epperson.</p><br>
<p>South Buffalo Street</p><br>
<p>206 South Buffalo Street: Commercial Building; Italianate, 204 c.1880 (N).</p><br>
<p>North Buffalo Street</p><br>
<p>118 North Buffalo Street: Commercial Building: c. 1890, two-story brick with one-story brick addition in front, c. 1920.</p><br>
<p>116 North Buffalo Street: Commercial Building: c. 1920, two-story brick structure.</p><br>
<p>114 North Buffalo Street: The Humpty Dumpty Restaurant: c. 1890, Italianate with boxed cornice, brackets and frieze decoration.</p><br>
<p>112 North Buffalo Street: Commercial building: c. 1910, one-story masonry with columns.</p><br>
<p>108 North Buffalo Street: Commercial Building; Italianate, c.1890 (N).</p><br>
<p>South Lake Street</p><br>
<p>USA Post Office: Colonial Revival, 1931 (James A. Wetmore, architect; Ideal</p><br>
<p>Construction Company, contractor) (O).</p><br>
<p>North Lake Street</p><br>
<p>201 First Christian Church: Gothic Revival, 1889 (O).</p><br>
<p>Crown Point Courthouse Square Historic District is a historic district in Crown Point, Indiana, that dates back to 1873. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. Its boundaries were changed in 2005, and it was increased in 2007 to include a Moderne architecture building at 208 Main Street.</p><br>
<p>The commercial buildings surrounding the courthouse include examples of the most common styles of the late nineteenth century. The I.O.O.F. Building and the commercial buildings at 103 West Joliet Street and 102 South Main Street are Italianate Commercial with decorative pressed-metal details. The Allman Block is the Romanesque Revival style on the square. These structures were built from 1880 to 1891.</p><br>
<p>The early twentieth-century architecture include the 1908 Carnegie Library and the Masonic Lodge next to each other on South Main. The Masonic Lodge is a Colonial Revival-style building built c. 1920. Across Main Street are two other examples of the Colonial Revival, the Lake County Criminal Court Building and the Community Center, also from the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The Lake County Sheriff&#39;s House and Jail, built in 1882, is Second Empire style. These are the first permanent buildings for this purpose. The jail was expanded in 1910. The bulk of the existing two-story building was completed in 1934. This is the jail from which John Dillinger escaped in March 1934 while being held on murder charges. The jail was closed in 1974 and placed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Significant buildings</h2><br>
<p>All structures are historically contributing towards the Historic District Status, unless otherwise noted. An ‘O’ rating signifies that the structure had enough historic or architectural significance to be considered for individual listing in the National Register of Historic Places. The ‘N’ rating signifies that the structure is above average and may, with further investigation be eligible for an individual listing. The ‘C’ or contributing rating signifies that the structure meet the basic inventory qualifications, but fails to meet individual merit, but in combination with other closely placed similar structures warrants inclusion in an historic district.</p><br>
<p>Clark St (North Side)</p><br>
<p>106 Commercial Bldg, Vernacular c. 1890.</p><br>
<p>Joliet St (South Side)</p><br>
<p>115 Commercial Bldg, Vernacular c. 1920</p><br>
<p>113 Commercial Bldg, Vernacular c. 1900</p><br>
<p>111 Commercial Bldg, Minas Bldg c. 1937</p><br>
<p>107 Commercial Bldg, I.O.O.F, Italianate c. 1880 (N)</p><br>
<p>105 Commercial Bldg, Italianate 1878</p><br>
<p>103 Commercial Bldg, Italianate 1878</p><br>
<p>Hark Court (South Side)</p><br>
<p>105-107 Commercial Bldg, Vernacular, c. 1900</p><br>
<p>North Court St (West Side)</p><br>
<p>1 Commercial Bldg, Vernacular, c. 1890</p><br>
<p>5 Commercial Bldg, Italianate, c. 1890</p><br>
<p>9 Commercial Bldg, Vernacular, c. 1920</p><br>
<p>13 Commercial Bldg, Vernacular, c. 1920</p><br>
<p>15 Commercial Bldg, Vernacular, c. 1920</p><br>
<p>19 Theater, Art Deco, c. 1940</p><br>
<p>21 Stan-Register Paper Building, Vernacular, c. 1910</p><br>
<p>103 Community Center, Colonial Revival, c. 1925</p><br>
<p>105 Solon Robinson Historical Marker, 1834</p><br>
<p>South Main St (West Side)</p><br>
<p>Crown Point Carnegie Library Historical Marker, 1908</p><br>
<p>223 Crown Point Carnegie Library, Colonial Revival, 1908</p><br>
<p>225 Masonic Temple, Colonial Revival, c. 1920 (N)</p><br>
<p>209-211 Commercial Bldg, Vernacular, 1930</p><br>
<p>99 Lake County Courthouse</p><br>
<p>Lake County Courthouse Historical Marker, 1874</p><br>
<p>North Main St (West Side)</p><br>
<p>1 Allman Block, Romanesque Revival, 1891, (Amos Allman Building)(N)</p><br>
<p>103-105 Commercial Bldg., Vernacular, c. 1920</p><br>
<p>113 Commercial Bldg, Italianate, 1896</p><br>
<p>116 Commercial Bldg, Vernacular, c. 1910</p><br>
<p>South Main St (East Side)</p><br>
<p>Lake County Sheriff&#39;s House & Jail Historical Marker, 1882</p><br>
<p>212 Lake County Sheriff&#39;s House, Second Empire, 1882 (O)</p><br>
<p>230 Lake County Criminal Court, Colonial Revival, c. 1920 (O)</p><br>
<p>208-210 Commercial Bldg, Vernacular, c. 1900</p><br>
<p>204 Commercial Bldg, Vernacular, c. 1920</p><br>
<p>138 Bank, Neoclassical, c. 1915 (O)</p><br>
<p>136-132 Commercial Bldg, Italianate, 1878 (N)</p><br>
<p>120 Commercial Bldg, Italianate, 1881</p><br>
<p>112 Commercial Bldg, Italianate, c. 1880</p><br>
<p>110 Commercial Bldg, Gable-front, c. 1860</p><br>
<p>108 Commercial Bldg, Vernacular, c. 1910</p><br>
<p>102 Commercial Bldg, Italianate, c. 1880</p><br>
<p>100 Commercial Bldg, Italianate, c. 1880</p><br>
<p>North Main St (East Side)</p><br>
<p>108-110 Commercial Bldg, Vernacular, c. 1890</p><br>
<p>116 Bastiani Building, Vernacular 1926</p><br>
<p>South East St (West Side)</p><br>
<p>213 Lake County Jail, Vernacular, 1934, (O) NR</p><br>
<p>211 Industrial Bldg, Vernacular, c. 1930</p><br>
<p>CP 103-9 IOOF 2014 047.jpg107 Joliet St - Commercial Bldg, I.O.O.F, Italianate c. 1880 (N)</p><br>
<p>CP Solon R 105 N Court 2015-04-24 042.jpg105 Solon Robinson Historical Marker, 1834</p><br>
<p>CP 1 N Main - Allison Block P9290054.jpg1 N. Main - Allman Block, Romanesque Revival, 1891, (Amos Allman Building)(N)</p><br>
<p>CP Criminal Court 2015 015.jpg230 S. Main - Lake County Criminal Court, Colonial Revival, c. 1920 (O)</p><br>
<p>Carnegie Library 089.jpg223 S. Main - Crown Point Carnegie Library, Colonial Revival, 1908</p><br>
<p>CP Criminal Court 2015 015.jpg225 S. Main - Masonic Temple, Colonial Revival, c. 1920 (N)</p><br>
<p>CP Sheriffs House 2015 022.jpg212 S. Main - Lake County Sheriffs House, Second Empire, 1882 (O) with the 213 S. Main - Lake County Jail, Vernacular, 1934, (O) NR in back.</p><br>
<p>CP 138 SMain 2015 026.jpg138 S. Main – Peoples Bank, Neoclassical, c. 1915 (O)</p><br>
<p>CP 132-34 S Main - 1873 Block P9290073.jpg136-132 S. Main - Commercial Bldg, Italianate, 1878 (N)</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Majestic St. Louis in St. Louis, Missouri, United States  is a restored 91-room historic hotel built in 1913–1914. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Majestic Hotel has 72,000 ft2 of space, nine stories and 109 ft tall at its maximum height, and is based on a steel frame. It also has brick curtain walls</p><br>
<p>and concrete floors. The hotel was designed as a tri-part structure, including a base, shaft, and capital, and is divided by the use of white terracotta.</p><br>
<p>Following major renovations over the course of 2018 and 2019, the hotel is planned to debut in August 2020 as Le Méridien St. Louis Downtown.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Majestic Hotel</h3><br>
<p>First opened near the end of September, 1914, the hotel is one of St. Louis few hotels which date from before World War I. The buildings Renaissance Revival design is an example of common styles in St. Louis architecture in the 1920s. The hotel was built to serve middle-class guests, but it had advanced fireproofing, two restaurants, and a rathskeller.</p><br>
<p>In 1913, construction for the hotel began, replacing a three-story building. The hotel cost about $250,000 to build. However, it is unclear who designed the hotel. Plans for the hotel give credit to Harry F. Roach, while building permits list the architect as Albert B. Groves. Both men were well-known St. Louis architects who had each designed various other hotels, but were never in partnership.</p><br>
<h3>DeSoto Hotel</h3><br>
<p>The Majestic Hotel was later renamed the DeSoto Hotel and still served guests until 1979, when it was announced that the building would be replaced with a parking garage due to the high cost needed to restore the building so it could meet more recent building codes. However, the hotel was given to new owners, and they planned to renovate the building for office space. called Majestic Associates, used $7 million to restore the building into a luxury hotel, called the Hotel Majestic. Southwestern Bell also spent $15 million in 1987 to renovate the building. Robert G. Pope of Southwestern Bell was in charge of this renovation.</p><br>
<h3>Crowne Plaza, Omni Majestic Hotel & Le Méridien St. Louis Downtown</h3><br>
<p>In 1996, the hotel was sold for $4.3 million to Bray & Gillespie LLC, which operated it under the Crowne Plaza brand. Hawkeye has been conducting a major renovation of the hotel throughout 2018 and 2019, and will introduce Marriott&#39;s Le Méridien brand in St. Louis upon completion in August 2020.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel M. Nickerson House, located at 40 East Erie Street in the Near North Side neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, is a Chicago Landmark. It was designed by Edward J. Burling of the firm of Burling and Whitehouse and built for Samuel and Mathilda Nickerson in 1883. Samuel M. Nickerson was a prominent figure in the rising national banking industry, who was said to have owned at one point more national bank stock than anyone else in the United States.</p><br>
<p>In 1916, in an early act of historic-building preservation, a group of wealthy Chicagoans bought the house and donated it to the American College of Surgeons (ACS). In addition to using the house as its headquarters, ACS built the adjacent classical Murphy Memorial Auditorium for meetings. When the mansion became too small for the ACS, it began renting it out in 1964. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was bought in 2003 by philanthropist Richard Driehaus. It is home to the Richard H. Driehaus Museum, which focuses on architecture of the Gilded Age, the Art Nouveau movement.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Nickerson House was designed by one Chicago&#39;s earliest prominent architects, Edward J. Burling (1819–1892) of Burling and Whitehouse. In addition, three decorators were contracted for the interiors: William August Fiedler (1843–1903) and R. W. Bates & Co. of Chicago, and New York-based George A. Schastey & Co. The three-story, 24,000 square-foot Nickerson House was reported to be the largest and most extravagant private residence in Chicago at the time of its completion. (This distinction would be transferred to the Palmer Mansion on the Gold Coast several years later.) Nickerson spared no expense, spending $450,000 on the construction and decoration of his home.</p><br>
<p>The mansions Italianate exterior is limestone and Ohio sandstone. Although elegant, the restrained design of the façade belies the wealth of detail found within. The houses interiors are decorated with a large amount of marble (17 types, giving it the nickname of the "Marble Palace"), onyx, alabaster, carved and inlaid wood, glazed and patterned tiles by Minton Hollins & Co. and J. & J. G. Low Art Tile Works, mosaics, and Lincrusta.</p><br>
<p>With a majority of its original features intact, the building today is a well-preserved example of the Aesthetic Movement as translated into the design of homes for wealthy Americans in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This is seen in the wide variety of highly ornamented styles stemming from Japanese, Chinese, English, French, Moorish, ancient Greek, Renaissance Italian, and other influences. With its profusion of motifs and materials, the Nickerson House is indicative of the Victorian love for display as well as the general architectural mood emerging in Chicago in the years before the 1893 World&#39;s Columbian Exposition.</p><br>
<h3>Fireproofing</h3><br>
<p>Construction on Nickerson House began in 1879, shortly after the 1871 Great Chicago Fire and the resulting development of city ordinances for the fireproofing of masonry structures. The mansion was lauded as one of the first truly fireproof residences in the city. The masonry is brick, with partition walls carried up to the roof. Beneath the highly decorative flooring boards are flooring strips bedded in mortar, followed by brick arches supported by iron beams.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was commissioned by Samuel Mayo Nickerson, one of the founders of the First National Bank in Chicago and Union Stockyards National Bank, as well as having interests in liquor and wine businesses and an explosives company during the Civil War. Samuel Nickerson hailed from Brewster, Massachusetts on Cape Cod, where his family was instrumental in the development of the areas commercial shipping and fishing. The Nickerson Family first settled on Cape Cod in 1640. Samuel Nickerson also constructed Brewsters Gilded Age masterpiece, Fieldstone Hall, in 1890.</p><br>
<p>Nickerson, his wife Mathilda Pinkham Crosby, and their son Roland lived in the house from 1883 to 1900. The mansion was used for many social gatherings characteristic of the Gilded Age, including a masquerade ball and a number of receptions. It also served as exhibition space in which the Nickersons displayed their renowned art collection of American and European paintings and drawings, Indian jewelry, and Japanese and Chinese ivories and curios. In 1900 the Nickerson Collection was donated to the Art Institute of Chicago.</p><br>
<p>After the Great Fire, the Near North Side became a fashionable neighborhood for prominent Chicago business owners like Nickerson. Because the area was home to Cyrus H. McCormick, his brothers William S. McCormick and Leander J. McCormick, and their descendants, whose mansions were mainly concentrated along Rush Street, the neighborhood was known as McCormickville. Other notable residents of the Gilded Age period include Ransom R. Cable, Lambert Tree, Perry H. Smith, Joseph T. Ryerson, and Edward T. Blair.</p><br>
<p>Upon retiring from his position as president of the First National Bank of Chicago in 1900, Nickerson sold the house to Lucius George Fisher, the president of Union Bag & Paper Co., who owned the house until his death in 1916. After purchasing the house, Fisher hired the Prairie School architect George Washington Maher to redesign Nickersons art gallery, making it into a trophy room and rare book library. Among other features, Maher had a stained glass dome built to replace the rooms skylight. As part of the remodeling, new book cases and a monumental mantlepiece, attributed to Robert E. Seyfarth who was an architect in Maher&#39;s office at the time, were installed in the gallery. The iridescent glass tile fire surround of the mantle was created by the Chicago firm of Giannini & Hilgart.</p><br>
<p>The familys decision to sell the mansion after Fishers death in 1916 sparked what is believed to be Chicagos first successful preservation effort. After the house remained on the market for three years without a buyer, a group of prominent Chicagoans, including Cyrus Hall McCormick II, William Wrigley, Jr., and Julius Rosenwald, were concerned about the possible demolition of the magnificent residence. The group raised the money to purchase the house as a civic effort, and in 1919 presented the deed to the American College of Surgeons. This gift spurred the College of Surgeons decision to make Chicago its headquarters. From 1919 to 1965, the organization utilized the former Nickerson residence as administrative offices and meeting rooms.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The house was acquired by Chicago businessman Richard Driehaus in 2003 who has since restored and opened the property to the public as the Richard H. Driehaus Museum in 2008. The rooms display some furnishings original to the Nickerson period as well as Driehaus&#39; private collection of late 19th and early 20th-century decorative arts objects, including a large private collection of statues, paintings, furniture, and Louis Comfort Tiffany glass.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>When the restoration began in 2003, the building itself was deemed in good condition. It was, however, very dirty. One of the most noteworthy elements of the restoration focused on cleaning the exterior. The facade is predominantly porous sandstone, which over the years had accumulated a thick crust of grime and pollutants. The formerly light gray stone had become a deep, dark black. Traditional methods to blast away or clean the pollutants with chemicals were deemed unsuitable, and the exterior was cleaned by lasers. This was the first time an entire building had been cleaned using this method in United States, although it is commonly utilized in Europe for cleaning sculptures.</p><br>
<p>The restoration, which transformed the old Nickerson House into the Richard H. Driehaus Museum, won a Chicago Landmark Award for Preservation Excellence in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Dudleytown Historic District, also known as Clapboard Hill is a historic district in Guilford, Connecticut. Extending along Clapboard Hill Road for 1.4 mi, it encompasses a landscape whose land usage encapsulates all of the major regional rural development trends from the 17th to the early 20th centuries. It is architecturally dominated by rural vernacular residences of the 18th and 19th centuries. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Dudleytown Historic District covers a rural landscape of 490 acre, roughly bisected by the East River 1.5 mi north of Guilford Center. The principal roadway through the district is Clapboard Hill Road, with properties also included as far north as Duck Hill Road and as far south as Tanner Marsh Road. Land usage is now predominantly either residential suburban or land conservation, although some agricultural uses continue. Most of the buildings in the district are residences, with a number of residential and agricultural outbuildings. The only major non-residential building is a district schoolhouse built in 1835. There is a fair amount (over 100 acres) of open marshland, some of which was historically used for grazing and growing salt hay. Artifacts such as stone walls, related to the control of tides during harvest time, are found in these areas.</p><br>
<p>This area was originally the property of William Dudley, one of the original English settlers of the town of Guilford in 1639. Dudleys descendants owned all of the land in the area until the 1860s, and continue to control much of its land. Its early uses were generally agricultural, although residents often engaged in other trades, such as blacksmithing or coopering. In the late 19th century, immigrants began to purchase some of the land, as branches of the Dudley family died out, mirroring a trend in other rural parts of Connecticut. In the 1930s, the Great Depression prompted further sales, which primarily went to wealthy city residents seeking summer country homes. In the mid-20th century the area became a suburban area connecting residents to city jobs via the Connecticut Turnpike. The districts architecture is reflective of all of these major trends.</p><br>
<p>The Hudson Historic District includes most of downtown Hudson, New York, United States, once called "one of the richest dictionaries of architectural history in New York State". It is a 139 acre area stretching from the citys waterfront on the east bank of the Hudson River to almost its eastern boundary, with a core area of 45 blocks. It has 756 contributing properties, most of which date from the citys founding in 1785 to the mid-1930s. In 1985 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It includes part of Hudsons original Front Street-Parade Hill-Lower Warren Street Historic District, excluding portions which were demolished soon after that district was designated in 1970. It is one of the rare downtowns to have followed the grid plan laid out by its 18th-century founders through the present day, and Warren Street, its main artery, is New Yorks most intact 19th-century main commercial street.</p><br>
<p>The oldest buildings in the district reflect the city&#39;s post-Revolutionary origins as a safe harbor for New England whalers, a past alluded to today by the whales on the street signs. It later became an industrial center, with areas of worker housing and grand homes of factory owners in its downtown. In the early 20th century, the rise of officially-tolerated prostitution on what is today Columbia Street made the city known as "the little town with the big red-light district."</p><br>
<p>Historic preservation efforts since the districts establishment have helped spur the citys economic renewal. Shortly after the district was designated, antiques dealers began setting up shops on Warren Street, leading eventually to what The New York Times described as "the best antiques shopping in the Northeast". Art galleries followed, and many weekend visitors have relocated to Hudson full-time, including some celebrities. The new arrivals have restored old houses they have purchased. The city has established a Historic Preservation Commission to protect the district&#39;s historic character.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is irregularly shaped but generally follows the northwest-southeast rectangle of the citys grid, centering with the nine-by-five-block area along Warren Street, Hudsons main artery, which is almost entirely within it, and The western end takes in the area on the west side of Front Street and the city&#39;s waterfront. A block of Warren connects this one to central area of the district, bounded by the rear property lines on Warren in the north and Allen Street to the south. It contains 748 contributing buildings, five contributing structures and three contributing objects.</p><br>
<p>At South Third Street (NY 9G/23B), it excludes a modern building on the southeast corner of the intersection but then includes all the properties on the east side down to a former railroad right-of-way. A northern bulge includes the properties along North Fourth Street to State Street to take in the library, and on the north side of that intersection. At the eastern end the district boundary follows the railroad tracks to North Seventh Street, extends east along Warren Street, at that point part of US 9.</p><br>
<p>Here the district extends north of Warren again, taking in properties on North Sixth and North Seventh up to State Street, and part of Columbia Street as well. Another section juts out along Warren and Columbia to Eighth Street, just below the hospital and the nearby Rossman-Prospect Avenue Historic District; this was an area that housed workers at an iron works to the north. After taking in part of Union Street, it meets the southern boundary at the former railroad tracks across from South Seventh Street.</p><br>
<p>The land within this district is heavily developed, with a mixed-use character predominating. Storefronts predominate at street level in its core areas along Allen, Union and Warren streets. A few larger residences are located near the center of the district on those streets; smaller ones predominate on the quieter side streets. Public buildings like the Columbia County courthouse and post office are located around the junction of Warren and South Fourth. There are several churches and industrial buildings scattered throughout the district, and three major open areas: Promenade Park at the west end, Courthouse Square, and the square bounded by Columbia, North Seventh and Warren streets and Park Place in the east end.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hudson was one of the first planned cities in America. Long after its founders and their industry had died, their plan continued to guide its growth.</p><br>
<h3>18th century</h3><br>
<p>For most of the colonial period and during the Revolution, Hudson was a small waterfront area with little development known as Claverack Landing. That began to change in 1783 when a group of New England whalers, many of them Quakers, came west looking for somewhere they could put their ships where the British could not easily find them and destroy them. Claverack Landing, between what were then two small bays near the furthest point up the Hudson River accessible to oceangoing ships, seemed ideal. They bought the land from a Dutch settler in the area. Calling themselves the Proprietors, they divided the land into lots of equal size and made an agreement that they would either settle their land themselves or sell it at cost.</p><br>
<p>By 1785 enough settlers had arrived from Nantucket and Rhode Island that they were able to incorporate as a city, the first in New York since independence and the third in the state. They set aside the high ground today known as Promenade Hill overlooking the water at the district&#39;s west end as a "Parade", an open leisure ground for the citizens. Some disassembled their New England houses and reconstructed them on the 50 by lots they had divided their land into.</p><br>
<p>Those who built new homes used the vernacular traditions of the New England ports they had come from, building center-chimney frame houses such as 116 Union Street. They generally eschewed the Dutch traditions of the Hudson Valley. The gambrel roof on 126 Union Street is not inspired by the many ones on Dutch buildings in the area but by older New England models.</p><br>
<p>They established the city&#39;s grid pattern of streets, long before many of them were built on or even built. Gangways 20 ft wide were laid out between long streets, creating the alleys that still exist. Warren Street was intended to be the main commercial street, with Fourth providing the north-south axis. Three years after the city was founded, a visiting European described a thriving commercial city.</p><br>
<p>In 1800 the city had 4,000 residents, with the area out to Sixth Street established. Hudson remained within this grid for most of the next century. Within it a pattern was established that persists today, with the area north of Warren primarily home to the local working class and the blocks to the south the streets of the affluent.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The early years of the new century saw the children of the citys founders build their homes in the new Federal style. The earliest are the many two-story, five-bay brick houses on Front Street and the western sections of Union and Warren. Most remain within the New England structural models of the citys earliest houses, continuing to set Hudsons Federal buildings apart from those erected in surrounding communities. Later applications, like the Robert Jenkins House at 113 Warren, show the styles maturity with marble detailing, elliptical fanlights, and restrained proportions.</p><br>
<p>After the War of 1812 and the British blockade, the American whaling industry slackened for a while but then revived in the 1830s. This economic boom manifested itself architecturally with the Greek Revival. Many were built, including a large concentration on Columbia Street east of Park Place. Notable single examples are the ornate Curtis House at 32 Warren and the temple houses at 51 Partition Street and 738 Warren. Around 1850, the embrace of the Picturesque mode changed the city&#39;s architectural mix, integrating it more closely with the region, where the Carpenter Gothic style championed by Andrew Jackson Downing had first gained popularity.</p><br>
<p>This boom subsided as petroleum began to displace whale oil throughout the 1840s. The construction of the Hudson River Railroad later in that decade cut the city off from its harbor, ending its days as a whaling center. But it, and the Erie Canal-related traffic along the river, gave it new life as an industrial center. As in many other Northeastern cities, textile manufacturing developed. Brickyards prospered as well, and the Allen Paper Car Wheel Works became the business associated with the city. The Cornelius H. Evans House, at 414-416 Warren Street, is the most emblematic of this era of the city&#39;s development. It is a large brick Second Empire house that was home to a successful local brewer/bottler and his family.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>The industries launched in the 19th century had begun to decline by that centurys end, but the citys economy remained strong. Warren & Wetmore designed a new county courthouse in 1900, and its Classical Revival design was echoed by smaller porticoes on the new post office built across the street a decade later. The grid had become almost built out by this time, and the western areas, near the waterfront, were now heavily industrialized and less desirable as a residential neighborhood. There are a few examples of early 20th-century styles scattered around the district, such as the former YMCA building at 521 Union Street.</p><br>
<p>Most new development in the early 20th century was concentrated on Warren Street. Four churches and one school were built. During that time, the city&#39;s economy found a new mainstay: prostitution. Old homes along Diamond Street were converted into brothels, until 15 were in operation. The city was known for its red-light district around the country and even overseas. Gangsters like Legs Diamond were frequent customers, and their influence and the money they spread around helped foster the corruption of local police and government officials that let the brothels flourish. It ended in 1950 when the state police raided the brothels on Diamond, now renamed Columbia Street, and arrested many of their owners. Many never returned to the city and the brothels never reopened.</p><br>
<p>No new industry followed in the wake of their decline, and as the late 20th century began the city declined again. In 1970 the western portion of the current district was listed on the then-new National Register as the Front Street-Parade Hill-Lower Warren Street Historic District. The listing was not enough to prevent the demolition of some older structures on Front Street; and when the current district was created in 1985, those areas were excluded. A total of 48 properties from the previous district are extant and listed in the current one.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Two of the buildings within the district have been listed on the National Register in their own right, one prior to its creation and one since. Several others are notable within it.</p><br>
<h3>National Register of Historic Places</h3><br>
<p>Cornelius H. Evans House: This 1861 brick Second Empire house at 414-416 Warren Street was built by a local brewer, later twice elected mayor, and remains one of the city&#39;s best-known. In 1974 it became the first building in downtown Hudson to be listed on the Register.</p><br>
<p>USA Post Office: This 1911 brick building at 402 Union Street is one of twelve in New York designed by James Knox Taylor, supervising architect for the Treasury Department in the early 20th century. He had begun to introduce classical ornamentation to the brick Colonial Revival style preferred for post offices, and designed for Hudson two Roman-inspired porticoes similar to those on the county courthouse across the square. In 1988 it was one of the many New York post offices listed on the Register from a statewide Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<h3>Others</h3><br>
<p>Columbia County Courthouse: A 1900 Classical Revival structure, designed by Warren & Wetmore, fronting on Courthouse Square from the south.</p><br>
<p>Commercial building at 260 Warren Street: A rare surviving Greek Revival commercial building with stone post and lintels.</p><br>
<p>House at 116 Union Street: This is one of the strongest examples of New England vernacular architecture from the city&#39;s early days, built around 1785.</p><br>
<p>Old City Hall: This late (1854) Greek Revival brick building at 327 Warren Street was the most important public building in the district for many years.</p><br>
<p>Robert Jenkins House: A brick Federal house of one of the city&#39;s early mayors at 113 Warren Street. This is one of the most mature examples of the style in Hudson.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 2003 the city created a Historic Preservation Commission to review applications for new construction in the district, or exterior modifications to existing buildings that go beyond routine maintenance. It consists of seven members appointed by the mayor. At least one must be an architect, one a historian, and one live in the district. All must have an interest in preservation.</p><br>
<p>It meets once a month, or more often if its agenda requires. In addition to reviewing applications, it also considers city landmark designations.</p><br>
<p>Newington Junction is a section of the town of Newington, Connecticut, United States. It is centered at the intersection of Willard Avenue  and West Hill Road in the northwestern part of the town, in the area generally just south of the Hartford city line. The name of the area refers to the railroad junction where the railroad line from New Haven meets with the railroad line from Bristol and Waterbury. The development of Newington Junction as a result of the railroad was instrumental in the separation of the town of Newington from its mother town of Wethersfield.</p><br>
<p>The area is also architecturally significant for the range of styles used in houses built during the period of significance of the area. The neighborhood contains houses with architectural styles from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. For reasons of both historical and architectural significance, a significant portion of the neighborhood has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as historic districts. The architectural centerpiece of Newington Junction is the Willard Homestead and the Newington Junction Railroad Depot located in the center of the neighborhood. Both properties are separately listed on the National Register. Because the central area is now surrounded by incompatible modern structures, the architecturally significant areas of the neighborhood have been grouped into three clusters, each designated as a separate historic district, namely, Newington Junction South, North, and West Historic Districts.</p><br>
<h2>Historic districts</h2><br>
<h3>Newington Junction South Historic District</h3><br>
<p>The South district is located along Willard Avenue, south of the intersection with West Hill Road (268-319 Willard Avenue). It consists of nine contributing and two non-contributing properties over an area of 10 acre. The houses here include examples of Late Victorian, Colonial, Gothic Revival styles, showcasing architecture from the period 1800–1924.</p><br>
<h3>Newington Junction North Historic District</h3><br>
<p>The North district is located along Willard Avenue, north of the intersection with West Hill Road (55-108 Willard Avenue). It consists of 13 contributing and three non-contributing properties over an area of 10 acre. The houses here include examples of Colonial Revival, Late Victorian, and Queen Anne styles, showcasing architecture from the period 1850–1949.</p><br>
<h3>Newington Junction West Historic District</h3><br>
<p>The West district is primarily located along West Hill Road (269-303 West Hill Road) but also includes two additional properties on Willard Avenue near the intersection of Willard Avenue and West Hill Road. The district consists of 13 contributing and three non-contributing properties over an area of 8 acre. The houses include examples of Colonial, Colonial Revival, and Late Victorian styles, showcasing architecture from the period 1650–1949.</p><br>
<p>The Hiram Baldwin House, also known as the Baldwin-Wackerle Residence, is a Frank Lloyd Wright designed Prairie School home located at 205 Essex Road in Kenilworth, Illinois. Built in 1905, the house was part of Wrights primary period of development of the Prairie School. The house has a centrifugal floor plan with a north–south axis and wings containing the living room and stair tower. The exterior is stucco with wood stripping, and the roof is low-pitched, both typical features of the Prairie School. The living room uses its fireplace as a focal point and has curved walls with casement windows. The houses garden space is divided by wooden screens to form courtyards, an element inspired by Japanese architecture. The house is Wright&#39;s only residential work in Kenilworth.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 28, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Warren Hickox House, also known as the Hickox/Brown house, is a 1900 Frank Lloyd Wright house in the Prairie School style in Kankakee, Illinois, United States. The house design is similar to two articles Wright published in the Ladies&#39; Home Journal.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Warren Hickox, Jr. ran a real estate and loan business in Kankakee, Illinois. Warren was the brother of Anna Hickox Bradley, who lived next door in another Wright design, the B. Harley Bradley House. The house was modeled after two articles that Wright wrote for the Ladies Home Journal. The interior is adapted from "A Home in a Prairie Town" and the exterior is based on "A Small House with Lots of Room in It". These designs themselves may have been based on "Primitive Chinese House", an article in Histoire de lHabitation Humaine, depuis les Temps Préhistoriques Jusqu&#39;à nos Jours by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. The builder may have used the Hickox House as a temporary headquarters while the Bradley House was still under construction.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The exterior walls are covered in white plaster, decorated with stained woodwork. Interior walls are also plaster with a sand finish. The house retains much of its original integrity except for the removal of the kitchen entrance and south terrace. The house is considered a "mature" example of Wright&#39;s Prairie school designs and has been called "one of the single most significant houses" designed by Wright. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 3, 1978. On August 22, 1986, the house was also listed as part of the Riverview Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Gregor S. and Elizabeth B. Affleck House, also known as the Affleck House, is a Frank Lloyd Wright designed Usonian home in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, in Metro Detroit. It is one of only about 25 pre-World War II Usonians to be built. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 3, 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gregor S. Affleck was born in Chicago and became a chemical engineer. Affleck was familiar with Frank Lloyd Wrights architectural style, having spent much of his youth near Spring Green, Wisconsin, and Wrights family home. Gregors wife Elizabeth was particularly fond of Wrights Fallingwater, so when the couple wanted to build their own house in 1940, they commissioned Wright to design this house. The site was a unique lot, densely wooded, with no level ground, which allowed Wright to explore and refine his design for a home on sloping ground. The construction was finished in 1941.</p><br>
<p>The Afflecks later commissioned Wright to construct a second house on the adjoining lot, known as the Pergola House. In 1978, the Affleck House was donated by the family to Lawrence Technological University. The university committed to restoring and preserving the house, and it is used as a teaching resource for the university&#39;s College of Architecture and Design faculty and students.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Affleck House is a Usonian house constructed of brick and cypress. It is sited in a natural amphitheater on a sloping lot. The main entrance opens into an entry foyer, which is connected to a main skylit loggia. A light well in the floor of the loggia opens onto a stream below. The loggia extends into the living/dining space, which is cantilevered out over the small stream. The living room revolves around a large fireplace and is adjoined by the dining area. A small kitchen is a two-story space, with a small stairway leading downward to the lower level bedroom. The main bedroom wing is raised half a story above the loggia, with a hallway/gallery on one side and three bedrooms and two bathrooms.</p><br>
<p>Clemens House—Columbia Brewery District is a historic district in St. Louis, Missouri. Bounded by Maiden Lane, Cass Ave., Twenty-first, Helen, and Howard Sts., the district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>A boundary increase, roughly bounded by St. Louis Ave., N. Florissant Ave., Maiden Lane, and N. Twenty-first and N. Twentieth Sts. was added in 1986. The district includes single dwellings, at least one religious structure and manufacturing facilities.</p><br>
<p>Architectural styles include Mid 19th Century Revival, Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals, Romanesque and Late Victorian.</p><br>
<p>Duey and Julia Wright House is a Frank Lloyd Wright designed Usonian home that was constructed on a bluff above the Wisconsin River in Wausau, Wisconsin in 1958. Viewed from the sky, the house resembles a musical note. The client owned a Wausau music store, and later founded the broadcasting company Midwest Communications through his ownership of WRIG radio. The home also has perforated boards on the clerestories "represent the rhythm of Beethoven&#39;s Fifth Symphony Allegro con brio first theme." A photograph showing the perforated panels is in the web page on the National Register application.</p><br>
<p>The use of materials in the home (concrete blocks), its single floor, suggests that the home is a Usonian design, however it is larger than most: 4,337 square feet (402.92 sq. meters). Yet, the arrangement of the floor plan uses Usonian principles: the kitchen is open to the living room and dining area, and the four bedrooms are accessible from a gallery, and there is a clerestory that uses perforated plywood panels designed specifically for the home. The living room has a builtin bench around the wall, to allow seating for 30 people during live concerts.</p><br>
<p>The home was designed by Wright, but completed after his death under the direction of John H. "Jack" Howe and John deKoven Hill, former apprentices of Wright and members of the Taliesin Fellowship. At that time, both Hill and Howe were architects in Taliesin Associated Architects, Wright&#39;s successor firm.</p><br>
<p>Marion is a neighborhood in the town of Southington, Connecticut, United States. It is generally the area in the vicinity of the intersection of Route 322 and Marion Avenue, just north of the Cheshire town line.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood includes the Marion Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Post office</h2><br>
<p>There is a post office in Marion that was established in the 19th century. It was given the name "Marion" in reference to Marion, Alabama, where some children of prominent local residents had settled. The Marion ZIP code refers only to post office box addresses; regular mail in the Marion neighborhood is addressed as Plantsville, Connecticut.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Marion was settled as a farming community in 1739 when land in the area was surveyed and divided. Southington was then part of the town of Farmington. The area was called "Little Plain" and extended south from French Hill to the Cheshire town line, which was south of its current position. Little Plains location near the foot of a high ridge made its soil desirable for agriculture. The communitys 18th-century farms were located along a north–south road from Bristol to New Haven (now Marion Avenue) that passed through the area.</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolutionary War, the Marion community was the site of an encampment by French General Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau and his troops. In June 1781, French troops under Rochambeaus command left Farmington and marched 13 mi to Marion, where they made their eighth camp along their route through Connecticut. They remained in the area for four days. Rochambeau and his officers took shelter in Asa Barns tavern, and the troops set up camp on a hill on the other side of the road. The area of the encampment has since become known as French Hill, and a marker on the east side of Marion Avenue commemorates the French campsite. Rochambeau revisited Barns&#39; tavern on the return march on October 27, 1782. In 1987, the Asa Barns tavern came under the protection of the National Park Service when it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural and historical significance. The building is now a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The Meriden-Waterbury Turnpike was extended through Marion in 1813, making the community a crossroads. Small-scale industrial activity began in the 19th century, including the manufacture of carriage bolts and nuts in the factory of L.B. Frost and Son, which began operation in Marion in 1842, using the water power of Humiston Brook.</p><br>
<p>In modern times, Marion has primarily been a suburban community. Suburban development began in 1914, when a trolley line was built between Marion and the city of Waterbury. Suburban growth continued in the subsequent decades. The period from the late 1960s through the late 1980s was one of particularly strong growth.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district designation</h2><br>
<p>The Marion Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 21, 1988, as a result of a nomination submitted by the Connecticut Historical Commission in July 1988. The nomination described the district as being architecturally significant "as a collection of well-preserved buildings dating from the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries which together reflect the historical development of the Marion community of Southington." Contributing properties in the district were described as representing three distinct periods on Marion&#39;s history: "early agricultural development" from about 1770 to 1842, "19th-century industrial activity and community growth" from 1842 to 1900, and "early suburban growth" from 1914 to 1938.</p><br>
<h3>Significant properties</h3><br>
<p>The historic district includes 34 primary contributing properties, two of which are across the town line in the town of Cheshire. Architectural styles in the district include Greek Revival, Italianate and Federal. Some of the more significant properties include:</p><br>
<p>Asa Barnes Tavern (also known as Levi B. Frost House), 1089 Marion Avenue, is now a private residence and in 1987 was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Barnes-Frost House</p><br>
<p>Miles Upson House, 1316 Marion Avenue, a one-story gable front Colonial example, "perhaps the oldest house in the district to retain its original form" (See photo #3 in photos accompanying NRHP nomination)</p><br>
<p>The Lester Beecher House, 1166 Marion Avenue, has been termed a Queen Anne style house for its irregular massing and 3 story tower.</p><br>
<p>Forest Park Southeast Historic District is a historic district roughly bounded by Chouteau Ave., Manchester and Cadet Aves., Kingshighway Blvd., and S. Sarah St. in St. Louis, Missouri. It was mainly developed as a working class residential district. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001, deemed significant in both community planning and development and in architecture.</p><br>
<p>The district provides 20 percent tax credits for eligible renovations.</p><br>
<p>"Amazing tool for redevelopment" (approximately).</p><br>
<p>The original district identified in 2001 included 612 buildings and structures deemed contributing, with 92 of those being outbuildings such as garages.</p><br>
<p>Architecture in the district includes numerous high architectural styles as well as St. Louis-area local styles. Numerous buildings are historical eclectic in styles, and some are vernacular and lacking in discernible style.</p><br>
<p>Buildings in the district include single and multiple dwellings, a specialty store, a religious structure and a meeting hall. A boundary increase in 2005 added 51 buildings on 4170-4370 (even) and 4229-4341 (odd) Manchester Ave. to the district in 2005. A second boundary increase in 2007 added 4121–25, 4127–29, 4131, 4133, 4137, 4139–41, 4143, 4145, 4501–07, 4509–11, 4510, and 4512-14 Manchester Ave. in 2007. Third and fourth boundary increases added more.</p><br>
<p>NRHP doc original</p><br>
<p>Boundary increase 1 in 2005 added 51 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>Boundary increase 2 in 2007 added 12 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>Boundary increase 3 in 2009 added 12 more contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>Boundary increase 4 in 2012 added 189 more contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>"Architectural styles found in the District range from high style buildings to building types with stylistic references. Most of the high style buildings are restrained versions applied to a working, middle-class neighborhood and include variations of popular styles from the era in which they were constructed. The District&#39;s Late Victorian styles include nine Italianate (Photograph #21, 4200 through 4208 Chouteau Ave. and Photograph 36, 4400 Chouteau Ave.); four Second Empire (Photograph # 26, 4306 and 4308 and 4310-12 Chouteau Ave., and Photograph # 17,4300 Chouteau Ave.); 10 Queen Anne (Photograph # 113,4547 Arco Ave. and Photograph # 46, 4476 Chouteau Ave.); nine Italian Renaissance (Photograph # 115, 4445-47 Gibson) and 37 Romanesque Revival (Photograph # 12, 4459-61 Oakland Ave., Photograph # 66, 4340 Arco Ave., and Photograph # 79 second from left, 4346 Gibson Ave.)."</p><br>
<p>"Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Revival styles include 40 Colonial Revival (Photograph #121, 4538 Arco Ave., Photograph # 100,4435-37 Gibson; three Tudor Revival (Photograph # 53,4531-39 Chouteau Ave.); three Late Gothic Revival churches ( Photograph # 61, 1124 Kingshighway Blvd.); and one Mission Revival (Photograph # 71,4301-03 Arco Ave.). Modem Movement buildings found in the District include the Art Deco Masonic Building (Photograph # 64 and # 102, 1052-56 Kingshighway Blvd.) and nine Craftsman style residences (Photograph # 89, 4519 Oakland Ave. and Photograph # 107,4559 Wichita)."</p><br>
<p>"Local Stylistic Adaptations</p><br>
<p>In addition to buildings with high style architectural treatments, the majority of the residential buildings in the District reflect the restrained stylistic treatments applied to housing for the working classes during this period. The District contains 356 buildings classified as Historical Eclecticism sub-types due to the presence of a number of stylistic references popular when the building was erected (Photograph # 101, 4445 Arco Avenue, Photograph #106,4564 Gibson Avenue., Photograph # 120, 1083 S. Taylor) or by the presence of very simple treatments that reference a particular style. These stylistic references are not strong or pronounced enough to qualify as pure styles, but characteristics of the style can be identified as such. Examples include: Romanesque Revival references (Photograph # 90 far right, 4527 Oakland Avenue and Photograph # 68 far left, 4331 Arco Avenue); Colonial Revival references (Photograph # 105,4563 Chouteau Avenue., and Photograph # 32, 4378 Chouteau Avenue); Mission Revival references (Photograph # 57 second from the left, 4554 Chouteau Avenue); and Prairie Style/Arts and Crafts references (Photograph # 117,4527 Wichita Avenue, Photograph # 114,4552 Chouteau Avenue)."</p><br>
<p>"In addition, there are a number of buildings that have no stylistic references. They include National Folk House</p><br>
<p>forms such as the example at 4420 Chouteau Avenue (Photograph # 124). Others have a classifiable form with restrained ornamentation such as tapestry brick building at 1120-22 S. Taylor Avenue (Photograph #119).</p><br>
<p>The St. Louis Preservation Plan identifies a classification of single family houses called "Shaped Parapet Single Family Houses" which it defines as "a brick one-story house type with a front shaped parapet" with one or two bays. The plein notes that they enjoyed popularity between 1900 and 1920, and that "the earliest have recessed entries and Romanesque Revival detail; later houses had a small one-story porch. A distinctive feature of these houses is the use of decorative or glazed bricks to enliven the front façade."" Examples of residences incorporating these identifying characteristics, in particular the use of a shaped parapet in front of a flat roof and decorative glazed bricks in the façade, are common among buildings with Late Victorian and Revival style references. The use of decorative parapets is almost universal in the District, reinforcing the cohesiveness of the District. With the exception of the handful of buildings featuring the Second Empire mansard roof, the Mission Revival tiled roof or the vermicular gable-front house; the remainder of the residences in the District, including multi-family buildings, has shaped parapets. As such, it is difficult to classify these features as a sub-style. As they appear in the District, they merely reference roof form and ornamentation patterns found in a large number of the residential and commercial buildings in the District."</p><br>
<p>"20th Century Modernization</p><br>
<p>During the District&#39;s initial period of development, indoor plumbing, central heating, electric wiring and gas stoves changed the lives of not only the wealthy but also of the middle-class wage earner. Room arrangements put the kitchen of the servantless working class household in communication with other private spaces and opened house interiors to space, light and garden views. And, as the privy and the barn for horse and dairy cow disappeared, the back yard featured some amenities such as gardens and seating areas along with the coal shed and clothesline. By the twentieth century, the automobile garage replaced the dairy barn. The remaining garages and storage sheds in the District provide clues to the evolution of the outbuildings from fuel storage sheds and shelters for animals and carriages to meeting the needs of the automotive age. By the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, building permits for the demolition of wooden sheds and the construction of brick garages begin to appear. At the same time, building permits for new residential units include detached garages. The size of these ancillary buildings reflects the units for which they were built. Detached single-family houses have small, one-bay garages. Duplexes have two bay garage buildings, Four Family Flats have parking structures to accommodate four cars. Like their predecessors, the carriage house and bam, they are oriented to the brick alleys that bisect each block.</p><br>
<p>Although a wide variety of new building materials emerged in the first decades of the twentieth century, middle and working class residential architecture did not use the hand-crafted ceramic tile, leaded and stained glass, wrought iron and hand-finished wood ornament that were popular Arts and Crafts building materials. And, even though industrial technology made poured concrete, concrete cinder blocks, stucco on metal lath, steel framing, glass blocks and other mass-produced materials affordable, most dwellings continued to be built of traditional materials in traditional ways."</p><br>
<p>"ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS</p><br>
<p>Research identified approximately 140 architects and/or builders as designers who contributed to the design of the buildings in the District. Most were active in development of residential neighborhoods in the surrounding area."</p><br>
<p>"Frank Arnold (architect), also listed on building permits as Arnold & Sons, Arnold Construction Company and Arnold Contracting Company. Based on a review of existing building permits, Arnold appears to have associations with over 39 buildings in the District. The buildings are scattered throughout the District and date to a period between 1900 and 1923. He appears to have erected buildings on speculation as well as under contract with a developer or individual owner."</p><br>
<p>• Residences designed and built by Alfred How, who is listed on the building permits as an architect-builder, appear in concencrated patterns within the district. Perhaps the most notable are the series of shotgun houses in the 4400 block of Arco Avenue. How&#39;s buildings include 4418, 4422, 4426-30,4456 Chouteau Avenue; 4400,4406,4409-11,4430,4450-52 Gibson Avenue; 4425-41, 4448-52 and 4522 Arco Avenue; 1079 and 1073 Taylor Avenue; and 4414-18 Oakland — all built between 1894 and 1911."</p><br>
<p>"E. Spencer erected 18 buildings in the District between 1904 and 1912. Spencer worked for individual clients and with the Brennan Brothers Realty Company as well as purchasing lots and building on them. His buildings include the dwellings at 4424-46, 4544-46, 4545-47, 4547-51, and 4562 Oakland Avenue; 4342, 4514 and 4467-71 Arco Avenue; 4477 and 4566 Gibson Avenue; and 4530, 4540, and 4547 Wichita Avenue."</p><br>
<p>"Builders Frank J. and Fred Darr erected 20 buildings for individual clients. Some appear to be speculative. All date to the period 1895-1927 and include buildings at 4420, 4439, 4449, 4557, and 4458 Oakland Avenue; 4112 Chouteau Avenue; 4415,4421-23,4425-27, 4435-37,4424 and 4444 Gibson Avenue; 4538 and 4540 Arco Avenue; and 1117-23 Taylor Avenue. The Christophal family lived in the District and erected five buildings at 4513-21 Gibson Avenue between 1891 and 1899."</p><br>
<p>"Edward F. Nolte, designer of the Lambskin Masonic building at 1025 Kingshighway Boulevard, was connected with the architectural firm of L. Cass Miller for five years before going into his own practice in 1894. Nolte collaborated with Preston Bradshaw and later with Fred Nauman. Of German descent, Nolte incorporated stylistic features that were characteristic of the Art Nouveau Movement in Germany. The Art Deco Lambskin Masonic Temple at 1025 Kingshighway is listed on the National Register for its significance in architecture."</p><br>
<p>Architects and builders include:</p><br>
<p>Frank Arnold (architect) and others</p><br>
<p>H. Christophel builder</p><br>
<p>C.J. Christophel builder</p><br>
<p>H.H. Christophel</p><br>
<p>Frank J. Darr builder</p><br>
<p>Fred Darr builder</p><br>
<p>Architect/Builder (continued)</p><br>
<p>Alfred How (architect)</p><br>
<p>E.A. Darr (builder)</p><br>
<p>Laherty, Michael (builder)</p><br>
<p>Spencer, A.E. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Houser T. L. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Oliver J. Popp (architect)</p><br>
<p>Henty Shamburg (architect)</p><br>
<p>Aiple, Albert (builder)</p><br>
<p>Beck, August (architect)</p><br>
<p>Tabor, O.R.S. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Beckemeier, E. H. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Becker, Gerhard (builder)</p><br>
<p>Berger, R.A. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Buckley, Thomas J. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Herman Burgdorf (architect)</p><br>
<p>Christophel, H. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Comwell, B. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Comwell (F. J.) & Co. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Darr, Frank (builder)</p><br>
<p>Egan, John (builder)</p><br>
<p>Guth, H.W. (builder)</p><br>
<p>W.P. Hacker (architect)</p><br>
<p>Horman, Louis (builder)</p><br>
<p>Groves, A.B. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Leahman, George E. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Naherly, M. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Nothstien Nolte, (architect).</p><br>
<p>Poertner, C.H. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Schumacher. S. O. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Boehmer, Otto J. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Boyer, John D. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Bums, W. C. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Dougherty, C. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Hella, G. J. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Bull & Smith Co. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Cann, W. A. (builder)</p><br>
<p>Cavanaugh, M.H. (builder)</p><br>
<p>F.C. Bonsac (architect)</p><br>
<p>Norman Howard (architect)</p><br>
<p>William McMahon (architect)</p><br>
<p>Otto J. Wilhelma (architect)"</p><br>
<p>"Architect/Builder</p><br>
<p>The list below includes individuals or companies that were associated with the construction of the buildings within the Boundary</p><br>
<p>Increase, whether or not they were previously identified with the original Forest Park Southeast Historic District. Those with an</p><br>
<p>asterisk (*) served both as architects and builders.</p><br>
<p>Architects</p><br>
<p>Ernest Hess</p><br>
<p>Costello, J.</p><br>
<p>H. Mayer Company</p><br>
<p>Gloss, S.</p><br>
<p>Nauman, Fred</p><br>
<p>McKelvey, J, N,</p><br>
<p>Muehliesen and Milz</p><br>
<p>Wedemeyer and Nelson</p><br>
<p>Arnold, F,</p><br>
<p>Holtman, M. E.</p><br>
<p>Howe, Fred</p><br>
<p>Popp, O.J,</p><br>
<p>Falkenheimer, E,</p><br>
<p>Herman, L,</p><br>
<p>Amold, Frank</p><br>
<p>Erecker, H, B,</p><br>
<p>Fred E. A. Darr and Son</p><br>
<p>Christopher, E. E.</p><br>
<p>Meyer, A.</p><br>
<p>Louis Harman</p><br>
<p>Guth, H. W.</p><br>
<p>Hermann, Louis</p><br>
<p>Lawler, E. J.</p><br>
<p>Higley, J. C.</p><br>
<p>Gerhard Becker</p><br>
<p>Builders/Contractors</p><br>
<p>Smith and Company</p><br>
<p>Gacich, R. S.</p><br>
<p>Kinney, E. H.</p><br>
<p>Hines, J. F.</p><br>
<p>Darr, Fred E. A.</p><br>
<p>Damon, William</p><br>
<p>How, Alfred</p><br>
<p>Eswin, Hugo</p><br>
<p>Wassmann, W. H.</p><br>
<p>Craig, A.</p><br>
<p>Davis, Rose R,</p><br>
<p>A. & G. B. Bullock</p><br>
<p>McKelvey Construction Co.</p><br>
<p>Zeller, George P.</p><br>
<p>Johnson, E. B.</p><br>
<p>Vocker, George</p><br>
<p>Ferguson, Jason</p><br>
<p>Hahn, Charles</p><br>
<p>Zeller and Walker</p><br>
<p>Segel, I.</p><br>
<p>Smith and Company</p><br>
<p>Loyd, R. J.</p><br>
<p>Cunningham, H. H. W.</p><br>
<p>Nelson, Herman E.</p><br>
<p>Simon E. A.</p><br>
<p>W. C. Hartig Construction Co.</p><br>
<p>Arnold Contracting Co.</p><br>
<p>Lafayette Square Historic District is a historic district roughly bounded by Hickory and 18th Sts., Jefferson and Lafayette Aves. in St. Louis, Missouri. Buildings in the district include a department store, a single dwelling, a public park, and a specialty store. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. A boundary increase in 1986 added an area roughly bounded by Chouteau Ave., Dolman, Lafayette Ave., and S. Eighteenth St. and Vail Pl. and MacKay Pl. Buildings in the boundary increase include single and multiple dwellings, a manufacturing facility and a specialty store.</p><br>
<p>Original NRHP document.</p><br>
<p>Boundary increase NRHP document</p><br>
<p>Lucas Avenue Industrial Historic District is an American historic district bounded by Washington, Delmar, 20th & 21 Streets, St. Louis, Missouri. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. A boundary increase, roughly bounded by Locust St., Delmar, and 19th and 20th Sts. was added in 2007. Included in the boundary increase are a warehouse, a manufacturing facility and a communications facility.</p><br>
<p>Hotel Charlotte was a 13-story hotel in Charlotte, North Carolina, which opened in 1929. It was on the corner of Trade Street and Poplar Street in the Uptown area of Charlotte.</p><br>
<p>While primarily known by the name "Hotel Charlotte", it also operated under the names "Queen Charlotte Hotel", "White House Inn" and "White House Hotel". It closed on December 31, 1973. It was designed by William Lee Stoddart and was a steel-frame building sheathed with sections of gray granite and a buff-colored brick. It housed 250 guest rooms.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 2, 1979.</p><br>
<p>In the years following its closure, attempts were made to find developers who could rehabilitate and preserve the structure. However, as the building languished, it was severely vandalized and much of its interior plumbing and wiring stolen by looters. Hotel Charlotte was imploded on November 6, 1988. David Copperfield used the implosion as the setting for his escape in the TV special The Explosive Encounter.</p><br>
<p>A restaurant of the same name was created in its honor and reused many interior pieces from the original hotel. The restaurant ceased operations on January 29, 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Rainier Club is a private club in Seattle, Washington; it has been referred to as "Seattle&#39;s preeminent private club." Its clubhouse building, completed in 1904, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was founded in 1888 in what was then the Washington Territory . As of 2008, the club has 1,300 members.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Rainier Club was first proposed at a February 23, 1888 meeting of six Seattle civic leaders; it was formally incorporated July 25, 1888. The attendees of the original meeting were J. R. McDonald, president of the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway; John Leary, real estate developer and former Seattle mayor; Norman Kelly; R. C. Washburn, editor of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer; Bailey Gatzert, former mayor associated with Schwabachers (Seattles and the state&#39;s most prominent Jewish-owned business of the era); A. B. Stewart; and James McNaught. Other founding members were lawyer Eugene Carr, Judge Thomas Burke, and William Allison Peters.</p><br>
<p>The club is named after British Admiral Peter Rainier. The name may have been chosen because of Seattles rivalry with nearby Tacoma. Tacomans at the time were ardent in their support for the native name "Mount Tacoma" for the mountain now officially known as Mount Rainier. In 1892, the club sent a delegation to Washington, D.C. to argue the "Rainier" side of the case. The clubs logo was modeled on that of the Union Club in Victoria, British Columbia, founded 1877.</p><br>
<p>Since territorial law in 1888 did not recognize private clubs, the Rainier Club was initially incorporated as a men&#39;s boarding house and restaurant. It reincorporated January 18, 1899 as a private club under a revised 1895 state law.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The clubs first home was in part of James McNaughts Fourth Avenue 22-room mansion (on the site of today&#39;s Seattle Central Library). McNaught was happy to have a tenant: he was moving to St. Paul, Minnesota to take a position as chief counsel for the Northern Pacific Railroad. The house also functioned—along with the armory at Fourth and Union—as an interim city hall after the Great Seattle Fire destroyed most of the City in 1889. This brought additional city leaders into the club.</p><br>
<p>McNaught and the club did not remain on good terms over the lease and the club relocated to the Bailey Building at Second and Cherry (now Broderick Building, after Henry Broderick). After a brief period there, from February 1893, the clubhouse was located in rooms at the then newly erected Seattle Theatre, on the site of today&#39;s Arctic Building.</p><br>
<p>The Rainier Club purchased its current property at Fourth Avenue and Columbia Street in downtown Seattle in 1903. The clubhouse, designed by Spokane, Washington architect Kirtland Cutter was completed and occupied in 1904. Seattle architect Carl F. Gould added the south wing in 1929, plus a Georgian-style entry and interior Art Deco ornamentation.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>In 1899, the Club was the launch point for many members of the Harriman Alaska expedition. E. H. Harriman, John Burroughs, John Muir, Edward S. Curtis and Henry Gannett set out to Seal Island and other Bering Sea islands and to the coast of Siberia and the Bering Strait from the Club, and celebrated there on their return.</p><br>
<p>Gifford Pinchot was a guest at the Rainier Club on the trip that led to the creation of the United States Forest Service and Mount Rainier National Park. A decade later, Edward S. Curtis, a club member from 1903 to 1920, accompanied Theodore Roosevelt on Roosevelt&#39;s visit to the then-new park. The Rainier Club has more than 35 photogravures and 27 original signed platinum and silver prints by Curtis from that journey.</p><br>
<p>Club members, including club president I. A. Nadeau and John C. Olmsted of the Olmsted Brothers landscaping firm, planned the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition (A–Y–P Exposition) of 1909, which has been said to have "put the City of Seattle on the map." Among the physical legacies of the exposition is the landscaping of the University of Washington campus, which served as the fairground. The Olmsted firm also played a crucial role in the design of Seattle&#39;s system of parks and boulevards.</p><br>
<h2>Prohibition and Great Depression eras</h2><br>
<p>As a private club, the Rainier Club had been exempt from Seattles and Washingtons early experiments in Prohibitionism, but when Washington went dry on a statewide basis in 1916, the club could no longer serve liquor by the drink. Throughout the Prohibition era, the club repeatedly reasserted a policy that "no employee of the Club will be permitted under any circumstances to buy, sell, or have any liquor in their possession for sale on the Club premises." In Walter Crowleys words, "This policy was notably silent on members possession of alcohol..."</p><br>
<p>The Rainier Club was not exempt from the Great Depression. Having built a new wing to the clubhouse in 1929, they soon faced a loss of members and difficulty in recruiting new ones who could afford the dues. In hopes of recruiting new members, the initiation fee was cut in 1932 from $500 to $200, and in October 1933 to $100. At that time, membership had declined from 851 to 615 over the course of 36 months. According to Crowley, the club benefitted greatly from the end of Prohibition: the "bureaucratic tangle" of the states new liquor laws allowed liquor by the drink only in private clubs. Indeed, the 1948 relegalization of liquor by the drink in Washington was followed the next year by a reduction of the clubs initiation fee from $650 to $400.</p><br>
<h2>Role in city events</h2><br>
<p>Half a century after the A-Y-P Exposition, Rainier Club members played a nearly equally prominent role in the Century 21 Exposition, Seattles 1962 worlds fair. Most notably, Eddie Carlson, President of Western International Hotels (later Westin), was prime mover of the fair, and most organizing meetings were held at the clubhouse.</p><br>
<p>In 1993, USA president Bill Clinton held two Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) ministerial meetings with Japan and China at the Rainier Club. These were the first APEC meetings in the USA, and the first high-level USA meetings with China since the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Membership</h2><br>
<p>Originally all-white and all-male, the Rainier Club admitted its first Japanese American member, Saburo Nishimuro, November 25, 1966; its first African American member prominent contractor Luther Carr, July 25, 1978; and its first woman member, Betty Binns Fletcher, August 22, 1978. Fletcher was a name partner at Preston, Thorgrimson, Ellis, Holman & Fletcher (later Preston Gates & Ellis and now K&L Gates) and the first female president of the Seattle-King County Bar Association (1972-1973). The Japanese consul to Seattle had been a courtesy Associate Member from 1923 until the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor.</p><br>
<p>Other prominent members have included several members of the Blethen family (owners of The Seattle Times); and art collectors Dr. Richard Fuller (founder of the Seattle Art Museum) and H. C. Henry (founder of the Henry Art Gallery).</p><br>
<p>Besides the members, prominent visitors to the clubhouse have included John Philip Sousa, Buffalo Bill Cody, William Howard Taft, Lt. General Arthur MacArthur, General Douglas MacArthur, Babe Ruth, Rear Admiral Robert E. Peary, and the members of the early (1893–1911) Japanese trade delegations to the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Yolo Branch Library is a library that serves the community of Yolo, California. The library, a Carnegie on the National Register of Historic Places, was designed by WH Weeks and built in 1918. It is one of the last Carnegie libraries that still serves as a library.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1910 Yolo County set up its county library system, and the community of Yolo was one of the first areas with a library branch. Funding from Andrew Carnegie was sought for after his recent funding for Woodland Public Library in neighboring Woodland, California.</p><br>
<p>One of Carnegie&#39;s employees, James Beltram, felt that the county had received their allotment of Carnegie money, but the county librarian still sought the funding. The Yolo County librarian corresponded with James Beltram for roughly 20 letters when $3,000 was finally offered to construct a new branch in 1917.</p><br>
<p>Once Beltram realized the county&#39;s intent of putting the branch in Yolo, he objected to the funding again, this time on the basis that the community was too close to the formerly funded library. Yolo was defended with the fact that its current facilities were out of date and that it served a large rural base.</p><br>
<p>The local residents collected $300 to buy the lot of the future library branch. William Henry Weeks, designer of the Woodland Public Library, was chosen as the architect. The library branch officially opened in 1918, and is still open today. The designs for this branch would later be duplicated for the Santa Cruz Eastside branch library in Santa Cruz, California.</p><br>
<p>US Post Office—Springville is a historic post office building located at Springville in Erie County, New York. It was designed and built in 1936–1937, and is one of a number of post offices in New York State designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department under Louis A. Simon. The building is in the Colonial Revival style and is a one-story brick structure crowned by a square, flat-topped cupola. The lobby features a mural by Victoria Hutson Huntley, painted in 1938, titled "Fiddler&#39;s Green." Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Ellicottville Town Hall is a historic town hall building located at Ellicottville, New York in Cattaraugus County, New York. It was erected in 1829, as the Cattaraugus County Court House. It is a two-story brick structure set on a limestone foundation. The structure features a distinctive cupola. Much of the original interior was destroyed by a fire in 1969.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Carroll Alsop House) is a historic house located at 1907 A Avenue East in Oskaloosa, Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is one of seven Frank Lloyd Wright designed Usonian houses located in Iowa, and one of two that were constructed in Oskaloosa. Both were completed in 1951. This house is an L-plan, unless you count the carport, which makes it a T-plan. It was a custom-built house that embodied the ideals of "free and simple living, in touch with nature, for the family of moderate means."</p><br>
<p>In 1947, Frank Lloyd Wright was approached by two families from Oskaloosa, Iowa, who requested his architectural services for designing their homes. Wright accepted the commission, leading to the design of the Carroll Alsop house and the adjacent Lamberson house. The project was supervised by Wright&#39;s apprentice, John deKoven Hill, with construction managed by builder Jim De Reus.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 9, 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Alice and Jack Lamberson House, also known as the Peter Maunu and Irmi Maunu-Kocian house, is a historic residence located in Oskaloosa, Iowa, United States. It is one of seven Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Usonian houses located in Iowa, and one of two that were constructed in Oskaloosa. Both were completed in 1951. The Lamberson house is unique from the other Iowa Usonians for its extensive use of 60º and 120º angles. It features a low, sweeping pitched roof that makes the house look deceptively large, yet it is the second smallest of Iowa&#39;s Usonians. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
